Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematologic malignancy that originates from precursor conditions such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). Identifying its risk factors is crucial for early intervention. The etiology of MM is multifactorial, involving race, familial clustering, gender, age, obesity, cytogenetic abnormalities, and environmental exposures. Among these, cytogenetic abnormalities and modifiable factors play pivotal roles in MM pathogenesis and progression. 1) cytogenetic abnormalities. Primary abnormalities [e.g., hyperdiploidy, t(11;14), t(14;16)] emerge at the MGUS stage, while secondary abnormalities [e.g., 1q+, del(17p)] drive disease progression. The accumulation of 1q+ promotes clonal evolution, and del(17p) is associated with significantly reduced survival. 2) modifiable risk factors. Obesity promotes MM via the acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2)-interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) pathway. Vitamin D deficiency weakens immune surveillance. Exposure to herbicides such as Agent Orange and glyphosate increases MGUS incidence. Insufficient UV exposure, by reducing vitamin D synthesis, elevates MM risk. Gut microbiota dysbiosis (enrichment of nitrogen-cycle bacteria and depletion of short-chain fatty acids producers) induces chromosomal instability through the ammonium ion-solute carrier family 12 member 22 (SLC12A2)-NEK2 axis. Therefore, risk-based screening among high-risk populations (e.g., those who are obese, elderly, or chemically exposed), along with early interventions targeting cytogenetic abnormalities [e.g., B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibitors for t(11;14), ferroptosis inducers for t(4;14)] and modifiable factors (e.g., vitamin D supplementation, gut microbiota modulation), may effectively delay disease progression and improve prognosis.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Obesity/complications* ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance/etiology* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications* ; Precancerous Conditions/genetics*

Objective To investigate the the clinical effect and immune regulatory mechanism of red-blue light combined with Niuhuang Shangqing capsules for the moderate-severe acne.Methods A total of 180 patients with moderate to severe acne treated in People's Hospital of Nanhai District in Foshan City from June 2014 to June 2016 were randomly divided into 2 groups with each group 90 patients. The control group was treated with red and blue light, and observation group was treated with the combination of red and blue light andNiuhuang-Shangqingcapsules. The levels of SP(Substance P), IL-1 and IL-6 in peripheral blood were observed and analyzed. The recurrence rates and adverse events were observed.Results After treatment, the SP (657.4 ± 36.6 pg/mlvs.799.9 ± 60.2 pg/ml,t=19.188), IL-1(61.8 ± 24.7pg/L vs.92.1 ± 23.5 pg/L,t=8.431), IL-6 (38.7 ± 10.3pg/mlvs.66.7 ± 14.1pg/ml, t=12.421) of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group (allPs<0.01). The total effect rate of the observation group were 91.11% (82/90), which were significantly higher than 70.00% (63/90) of control group (χ2=12.804,P<0.01). Conclusions The Red-blue light combined withNiuhuang-Shangqing capsules for treating moderate-severe acne, has significant effect and can reduce the serum levels of SP, IL-1 and IL-6, with fewer adverse events and lower recurrence rates. They can be used as a safe and effective treatment of acne.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy with red and blue light in the treatment of facial acne. Methods Ninety-two cases of facial acne in dermatology outpatient hospital were randomly divided into the test group and the control group, with 46 cases in each group. Patients in the test group received the photodynamic therapy, and patients in the control group received red plus blue light treatment for eight weeks, respectively. Results Before treatment, patients in the test group and the control group had no significant differences in acne, papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and gags score. After 8-week treatment, the comedones, papules, pustules, nodules cyst number, gags score of patients in the test group were significantly less than or lower than those of patients in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). The healing rate was 84.78% in the test group, which was higher than that of 65.22%in the control group of (P<0.05). The total efficiency was 97.83%in the test group and 93.48% in the control group, with no significant difference. The adverse reaction rate was 10.87% in the test group and was 23.91% in the control group, with no significant difference. Conclusion The effect of photodynamic therapy for facial acne is better than red plus blue light treatment ,with a less incidence of adverse reactions.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the oncogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSThe expression and localization of TREM-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 76 specimens of HCC, 33 specimens of liver cirrhosis, 30 specimens of hepatitis and 20 normal liver tissues. The association between TREM-1 expression and the clinicopathologic parameters of HCC was analyzed. Human normal hepatic cell line LO2 and HCC cell line SMMC-7721 were examined for TREM-1 expression pattern using RT-PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTSAll the normal liver samples showed negative expression of TREM-1 protein, which was significantly up-regulated in the other 3 tissues. The positivity rates of TREM-1 expression were not significantly different between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC tissues [20.00% (6/30), 24.24% (8/33), and 21.05% (16/76), respectively; Χ² =0.195, P=0.907]. Different from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis tissues where TREM-1 expression was located mainly in the nucleus and occasionally in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, HCC tissues showed a cellular localization of TREM-1 protein almost exclusively in the cytoplasm. In HCC, TREM-1 expression was negatively correlated with the histological grade of the tumor (r=-0.261, P=0.023) but not related with the patients' age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, pre-existing hepatitis and cirrhosis, lymph node metastasis, or intrahepatic vascular embolism (all P>0.05). In the in vitro experiments, low levels of TREM-1 mRNA and protein expressions were detected in LO2 cells line, but their expressions were markedly up-regulated in SMMC-7721 cells.

CONCLUSIONAberrant enhancement of the expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of TREM-1 may correlate closely with the oncogenesis and progression of HCC.

Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus ; Cytoplasm ; Disease Progression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Hepatocytes ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic ; metabolism ; Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 ; Up-Regulation

Objective To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the oncogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The expression and localization of TREM-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 76 specimens of HCC, 33 specimens of liver cirrhosis, 30 specimens of hepatitis and 20 normal liver tissues. The association between TREM-1 expression and the clinicopathologic parameters of HCC was analyzed. Human normal hepatic cell line LO2 and HCC cell line SMMC-7721 were examined for TREM-1 expression pattern using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results All the normal liver samples showed negative expression of TREM-1 protein, which was significantly up-regulated in the other 3 tissues. The positivity rates of TREM-1 expression were not significantly different between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC tissues [20.00%(6/30), 24.24%(8/33), and 21.05%(16/76), respectively;χ2=0.195, P=0.907]. Different from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis tissues where TREM-1 expression was located mainly in the nucleus and occasionally in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, HCC tissues showed a cellular localization of TREM-1 protein almost exclusively in the cytoplasm. In HCC, TREM-1 expression was negatively correlated with the histological grade of the tumor (r=-0.261, P=0.023) but not related with the patients' age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, pre-existing hepatitis and cirrhosis, lymph node metastasis, or intrahepatic vascular embolism (all P>0.05). In the in vitro experiments, low levels of TREM-1 mRNA and protein expressions were detected in LO2 cells line, but their expressions were markedly up-regulated in SMMC-7721 cells. Conclusion Aberrant enhancement of the expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of TREM-1 may correlate closely with the oncogenesis and progression of HCC.

Objective To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the oncogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The expression and localization of TREM-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 76 specimens of HCC, 33 specimens of liver cirrhosis, 30 specimens of hepatitis and 20 normal liver tissues. The association between TREM-1 expression and the clinicopathologic parameters of HCC was analyzed. Human normal hepatic cell line LO2 and HCC cell line SMMC-7721 were examined for TREM-1 expression pattern using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results All the normal liver samples showed negative expression of TREM-1 protein, which was significantly up-regulated in the other 3 tissues. The positivity rates of TREM-1 expression were not significantly different between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC tissues [20.00%(6/30), 24.24%(8/33), and 21.05%(16/76), respectively;χ2=0.195, P=0.907]. Different from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis tissues where TREM-1 expression was located mainly in the nucleus and occasionally in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, HCC tissues showed a cellular localization of TREM-1 protein almost exclusively in the cytoplasm. In HCC, TREM-1 expression was negatively correlated with the histological grade of the tumor (r=-0.261, P=0.023) but not related with the patients' age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, pre-existing hepatitis and cirrhosis, lymph node metastasis, or intrahepatic vascular embolism (all P>0.05). In the in vitro experiments, low levels of TREM-1 mRNA and protein expressions were detected in LO2 cells line, but their expressions were markedly up-regulated in SMMC-7721 cells. Conclusion Aberrant enhancement of the expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of TREM-1 may correlate closely with the oncogenesis and progression of HCC.

Purpose To investigate clinicopathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of non-sebaceous lymphadenoma of the parotid gland. Methods The histopathological morphology, immunohistochemical profiles and clinicopathological features were an-alyzed in two cases of NSL, along with review the related literatures. Results Two patients were female adults. Microscopically, The tumor was a well-circumscribed mass surrounded by a fibrous capsule of variable thickness and comprised a mixture of proliferating epi-thelium accompanied by a prominent lymphoid component, reactive lymphoid follicles were found in lymphoid stroma. The epithelial component took the form of anastomosing trabeculae, glands, solid basaloid islands or cyst formation. The cysts and glands were lined with luminal cells and abluminal cells, filled with eosinophilic secretions with occasional histiocytes. The epithelial cell was no seba-ceous differentiation, significant cytological atypia and mitotic activity. A fibrous capsule with subcapsular sinus was seen around the mass in one case. Immunohistochemically, the abluminal cells were positive for p63, CK34βE12 and CK5/6, while the epithelial cells were positive for CK(AE1/AE3) and CK7. Conclusion NSL is a very rare benign of salivary gland, which occuring in the lymph node lesions are less reported, knowledge of the wide histological spectrum of this rare tumor is important in order to avoid misdiagno-sis, particularly as malignant tumor.