ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Shengui Jiangtang Formula on insulin resistance and glucose-lipid metabolism in spontaneous type 2 diabetic db/db mice based on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/forkhead box protein O1 （FoxO1） signaling pathway， and to provide theoretical foundation for its clinical application through fundamental experiments. MethodsA randomized controlled design was employed in this study. Thirty spontaneous type 2 diabetic db/db mice meeting the inclusion criteria （fasting blood glucose >7.0 mmol·L^-1 and random blood glucose on a different day≥11.1 mmol·L^-1） were selected as the subjects. After stratified block randomization by body weight and blood glucose levels， they were randomly assigned to a model group， a metformin group， and a Shengui Jiangtang formula group， with n=10 per group. Ten db/m mice were used as the normal group. During the 5-week intervention， general indicators （including general condition， fasting blood glucose （FBG）， body weight， and food intake） were recorded weekly. An oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） was performed at week 5. After 5 weeks， serum was collected to measure glucose-lipid metabolism parameters. Liver tissues were analyzed as follows： Histopathology was observed through hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining， periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining， and Oil red O staining. The expression of proteins and genes related to the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway was quantitatively analyzed using Western blotting （Western blot） and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultsGeneral observations： The mice in the normal group were generally healthy， exhibited agile responses and had smooth and glossy fur. Compared with the normal group， the mice in the model group displayed typical symptoms of polydipsia， polyphagia， and polyuria， along with listlessness and rough fur. Their food intake， initial body weight， liver weight， and liver index were all significantly higher than those in the normal group （P<0.01）. After 5 weeks of drug intervention， neither the Shengui Jiangtang Formula group nor the metformin group significantly affected the food intake of the model mice. Compared with the model group， no statistically significant difference was observed in liver weight or liver index in the Shengui Jiangtang formula group. Serum biochemical indicators： Compared with the normal group， the model group showed significantly elevated levels of FBG， fasting insulin， homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， glycosylated serum protein， and blood lipids. After drug intervention， compared with the model group， the Shengui Jiangtang formula group significantly reduced FBG in the model mice （P<0.01）. The blood glucose levels at all time points during the OGTT in the Shengui Jiangtang Formula group were lower than those in the model group， with statistically significant differences in the 0 min blood glucose and the area under the curve for glucose compared to the model group （P<0.05）. Furthermore， the formula significantly reduced fasting insulin levels， HOMA-IR， and glycosylated serum protein levels （P<0.05）. It also showed a tendency to decrease blood lipids， liver enzymes （aspartate aminotransferase， alanine aminotransferase）， and blood urea nitrogen levels， and a tendency to increase creatinine levels， although these differences were not statistically significant. Liver histomorphology： HE staining indicated that Shengui Jiangtang formula improved the morphological structure of hepatocytes and attenuated steatosis in diabetic mice. Liver PAS staining showed that it increased hepatic glycogen content and promoted hepatic glycogen synthesis in diabetic mice. Oil red O staining demonstrated that it reduced lipid deposition within hepatocytes. Western blot： Compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased protein expression of PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， and p-FoxO1， and increased FoxO1 protein expression. Compared with the model group， both the metformin and Shengui Jiangtang Formula groups showed increased protein expression of PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， and p-FoxO1， and decreased FoxO1 protein expression. Real-time PCR： Compared with the normal group， the mRNA expression of PI3K and Akt was downregulated （P<0.05）， and the mRNA expression of FoxO1 was downregulated （P<0.05） in the model group. ConclusionShengui Jiangtang Formula can improve insulin resistance and glucose-lipid metabolic disorders in db/db mice. It alleviates hepatic steatosis， promotes hepatic glycogen synthesis， and reduces lipid deposition in these mice. The mechanism by which Shengui Jiangtang Formula improves insulin resistance may be associated with the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Yishen Tongluo Formula in ameliorating renal pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy mice by regulating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: Sixty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control (10 mice) and intervention groups (50 mice) using random number table method. The diabetes nephropathy model was established by intraperitoneally injecting streptozotocin(50 mg/kg). After modeling, the intervention group was further divided into model, semaglutide (40 μg/kg), and high-, medium-, and low-dose Yishen Tongluo Formula groups (15.6, 7.8, and 3.9 g/kg, respectively) using random number table method. The high-, medium-, and low-dose Yishen Tongluo Formula groups were administered corresponding doses of medication by gavage, the semaglutide group received a subcutaneous injection of semaglutide injection, and the control group and model groups were administered distilled water by gavage for 12 consecutive weeks. Random blood glucose levels of mice in each group were monitored, and the 24-h urinary protein content was measured using biochemical method every 4 weeks; after treatment, the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were measured using biochemical method. The weight of the kidneys was measured, and the renal index was calculated. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, periodic Schiff-methenamine, and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence PCR were used to detect the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in renal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the proportion of protein staining area of the TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in renal tissue. Results: Compared with the control group, the random blood glucose, 24-h urinary protein, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and renal index of the model group increased, and the urine β2-MG, NGAL, and KIM-1 levels increased. The relative protein and mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in renal tissue increased, and the proportion of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein positive staining areas increased (P<0.05). Pathological changes such as glomerular hypertrophy were observed in the renal tissue of the model group. Compared with the model group, the Yishen Tongluo Formula high-dose group showed a decrease in random blood glucose after 12 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). The Yishen Tongluo Formula high- and medium-dose groups showed a decrease in 24-h urinary protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and renal index, as well as decreased β2-MG, NGAL, and KIM-1 levels. NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1 β, and IL-18 relative protein and mRNA expression levels were also reduced, and the proportion of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein positive staining areas was reduced (P<0.05). Pathological damage to renal tissue was ameliorated. Conclusion Yishen Tongluo Formula may exert protective renal effects by inhibiting renal pyroptosis and alleviating tubular interstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy mice by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

IL-32 is a multifunctional cytokine with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.It has been proved that expression of IL-32 increases with progression of gastric mucosal diseases and severity of gastric cancer(GC),thus participating in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.However,how IL-32 affects malignant transformation of gastric"inflamma-tion-cancer"and finally leads to adverse outcome of GC invasion and migration is still controversial.In order to better clarify regulatory effect and possible mechanism of abnormal expression of IL-32 on different histopathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation,and to explore new directions and breakthroughs in molecular mechanism of early truncation and treatment of gastric precancerous lesion(GPL),we searched literatures related to IL-32 in six authoritative databases at home and abroad,such as Pubmed,Web of Science and CNKI,in past 30 years.It was found that pathogenicity or protective function of IL-32 in different histo-pathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation depended on its different subtypes,secretory forms,surrounding cytokine environment,disease status and genetic factors.IL-32 may regulate polarization of macrophages through NF-κB,MAPK,COX2,PR3,IDO,NOD,PKCδ,FAK and STAT3,amplify or inhibit chronic inflammatory stimulation of gastric mucosa,and thus participate in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.Our new understanding of role of IL-32 in different stages of Cor-rea cascade may contribute to development of cytokine-directed therapy,and therapy aimed at regulating different alternative splicing subtypes of IL-32 and targeting IL-32 signals can be used as a new strategy for medical treatment of GPL and GC in future.

Objective To understand the current status of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)systematic reviews/Meta-analysis over the past 10 years.Methods Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,PubMed,Web of Knowledge,CNKI,SinoMed,WanFang Data,VIP databases,as well as the Cochrane Register and PROSPERO registration platform were searched to collect TCM-related systematic reviews/Meta-analysis published between January 2015 and December 2024.Literature was screened,and standardization of institutions,countries,and journals was performed.Data cleaning was conducted,and trends in publication years,high-frequency diseases,journals,institutions,and highly cited papers were analyzed.Results A total of 11,174 papers were included,involving approximately 56,656 authors from 1,422 institutions across 44 countries,covering 1,300 journals and 1,070 diseases.The top five institutions in terms of publications were Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(954 papers),Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(928 papers),China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(537 papers),Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine(460 papers),and Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine(393 papers).Foreign institutions with the highest publication volumes were concentrated in South Korea,Iran,and Australia.The most frequently published Chinese journal was Zhongyi Clinical Research with 332 papers,while the most published English journal was Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine with 311 papers.There were 282 single-author papers involving 271 authors,and the most cited paper was referenced 323 times,The three most frequently studied diseases were diabetes(267 papers,2.39％),angina pectoris(214 papers,1.92％),and osteoarthritis(210 papers,1.88％).Non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture(1,265 papers,11.32％),auricular therapy(101 papers,0.90％),and Tai Chi(98 papers,0.88％)were most frequently reported.In pharmacological interventions,studies on Tripterygium wilfordii tablets(76 papers,0.68％)and Danhong injection(54 papers,0.48％)were more common.Conclusion The systematic reviews/Meta-analysis method is widely used in the field of TCM,and the field continues to grow.Active academic teams,institutions,and journals have emerged.Over the past decade,there has been a considerable body of evidence in Chinese systematic reviews on TCM for chronic diseases such as diabetes,angina pectoris,and osteoarthritis.In English-language studies,non-pharmacological therapies like acupuncture have been more widely reported,and some high-impact studies have emerged.However,challenges remain,such as issues with research transparency and methodological standardization.Future efforts should focus on establishing transparent systems and quality control mechanisms to further enhance the reliability,accuracy,and dissemination of TCM evidence-based research.

Objective:To explore the association between adverse outcomes of preterm infants and obstetric factors such as infection,maternal disease and treatment measures in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes(PPROM),so as to provide more accurate and effective prediction and intervention methods for im-proving maternal and infant prognosis.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 534 PPROM patients who gave births in the obstetrics department of The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical Uni-versity from January 1,2018,to August 31,2023.Based on the presence of severe preterm birth complications in premature infants(including bronchopulmonary dysplasia,necrotizing enterocolitis,retinopathy of prematurity,neonatal infectious pneumonia,neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,and neonatal sepsis)or death,the patients were divided into two groups:the adverse outcome group(n=121)and the non-adverse outcome group(n=413).The study compared differences between the two groups in general conditions,pregnancy complications and comorbidities,treatment and management,amniotic fluid and pla-cental infections.Logistics regression analysis was used to identify obstetric factors associated with adverse out-comes in preterm infants.Results:Univariate analysis revealed that patients in the adverse outcome group had smaller gestational weeks at delivery,longer intervals between membrane rupture and delivery,and a lower rate of vaginal delivery compared to those in the non-adverse outcome group.They also had a higher proportion of con-current cervical insufficiency,antepartum hemorrhage,hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,and anemia of preg-nancy.The use of prenatal magnesium sulfate and glucocorticoids for fetal lung maturity promotion before delivery was higher,and the effective coverage rates of prophylactic antibiotics was lower.The positive rates of amniotic fluid bacterial culture,the proportion of clinical chorioamnionitis,and histological chorioamnionitis were higher.All of the above differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed that positive amniotic fluid bacterial culture(OR 4.602,95％CI 2.303-9.196,P＜0.05),anemia of pregnancy(OR 4.192,95％CI 2.064-8.510,P＜0.05),and cervical insufficiency(OR 9.435,95％CI 1.138-78.261,P＜0.05)were independ-ent risk factors for adverse outcomes in preterm infants among PPROM patients,while gestational weeks at deliv-ery(OR0.466,95％CI 0.370-0.586,P＜0.05),effective coverage of prophylactic antibiotics before delivery(OR 0.286,95％CI 0.121-0.673,P＜0.05),and treatment for lung maturity promotion(OR 0.225,95％CI 0.107-0.474,P＜0.05)were protective factors for adverse outcomes in premature infants in PPROM patients.Conclu-sions:The adverse outcomes of preterm infants in PPROM patients are closely related to obstetric factors such as infection,maternal diseases,and treatment measures.Among these,positive amniotic fluid bacterial culture,a-nemia during pregnancy,and cervical insufficiency are independent risk factors for adverse outcomes in premature infants in PPROM patients.On the other hand,gestational age at deli very,effective coverage of prenatal antibiot-ics,and pulmonary maturity promotion therapy are protective factors.

Objective:To analyze the trend of the health literacy level of Chinese residents from 2012 to 2023 and predict the health literacy level from 2024 to 2027.Methods:The study collected data on the health literacy surveillance of Chinese residents from 2012 to 2023. The Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) and analyze the trend. The interrupted time series analysis with Prais-Winsten transformed generalized least squares estimation was employed to investigate the impact of the"Healthy China 2030" policy on residents′ health literacy levels. Joinpoint regression, autoregressive integrated moving average model and grey forecasting models were established to select the optimal model for forecasting health literacy levels from 2024 to 2027.Results:The results showed that the health literacy level of Chinese residents increased from 8.80% in 2012 to 29.70% in 2023 (AAPC=11.65%, P<0.05). The health literacy level of urban and rural residents increased from 11.79% and 7.13% in 2012 to 33.25% and 26.23% in 2023, respectively (AAPC=9.57% and 12.60%, both P<0.05). Rural (1.59% per year) saw a lower average annual increase than urban (1.79% per year), widening the urban-rural health literacy gap. All aspects of health literacy, including basic knowledge and concepts, healthy lifestyles and behaviors, and health skills, showed an upward trend. The literacy level of six health issues—safety and first aid, scientific health views, health information, infectious disease prevention, chronic disease prevention, and basic medical care—also exhibited rising trends. Interrupted time series analysis indicated a significant further increase in the health literacy level of Chinese residents after the implementation of the "Healthy China 2030" policy, with the growth rate increasing from 0.615% per year before implementation to 2.655% per year afterwards. The Joinpoint regression model showed superior predictive performance compared to autoregressive integrated moving average model and grey forecasting models. The prediction results suggested a continued upward trend in the health literacy level from 2024 to 2027, reaching 32.68%, 35.62%, 38.84%, and 42.34%, respectively. Conclusion:From 2012 to 2023, the overall and various aspects of health literacy among Chinese residents show a continuous upward trend. This study predicts that the level of residents′ health literacy will continue to rise by 2027.

Objective To understand the current status of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)systematic reviews/Meta-analysis over the past 10 years.Methods Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,PubMed,Web of Knowledge,CNKI,SinoMed,WanFang Data,VIP databases,as well as the Cochrane Register and PROSPERO registration platform were searched to collect TCM-related systematic reviews/Meta-analysis published between January 2015 and December 2024.Literature was screened,and standardization of institutions,countries,and journals was performed.Data cleaning was conducted,and trends in publication years,high-frequency diseases,journals,institutions,and highly cited papers were analyzed.Results A total of 11,174 papers were included,involving approximately 56,656 authors from 1,422 institutions across 44 countries,covering 1,300 journals and 1,070 diseases.The top five institutions in terms of publications were Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(954 papers),Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(928 papers),China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(537 papers),Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine(460 papers),and Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine(393 papers).Foreign institutions with the highest publication volumes were concentrated in South Korea,Iran,and Australia.The most frequently published Chinese journal was Zhongyi Clinical Research with 332 papers,while the most published English journal was Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine with 311 papers.There were 282 single-author papers involving 271 authors,and the most cited paper was referenced 323 times,The three most frequently studied diseases were diabetes(267 papers,2.39％),angina pectoris(214 papers,1.92％),and osteoarthritis(210 papers,1.88％).Non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture(1,265 papers,11.32％),auricular therapy(101 papers,0.90％),and Tai Chi(98 papers,0.88％)were most frequently reported.In pharmacological interventions,studies on Tripterygium wilfordii tablets(76 papers,0.68％)and Danhong injection(54 papers,0.48％)were more common.Conclusion The systematic reviews/Meta-analysis method is widely used in the field of TCM,and the field continues to grow.Active academic teams,institutions,and journals have emerged.Over the past decade,there has been a considerable body of evidence in Chinese systematic reviews on TCM for chronic diseases such as diabetes,angina pectoris,and osteoarthritis.In English-language studies,non-pharmacological therapies like acupuncture have been more widely reported,and some high-impact studies have emerged.However,challenges remain,such as issues with research transparency and methodological standardization.Future efforts should focus on establishing transparent systems and quality control mechanisms to further enhance the reliability,accuracy,and dissemination of TCM evidence-based research.

IL-32 is a multifunctional cytokine with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.It has been proved that expression of IL-32 increases with progression of gastric mucosal diseases and severity of gastric cancer(GC),thus participating in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.However,how IL-32 affects malignant transformation of gastric"inflamma-tion-cancer"and finally leads to adverse outcome of GC invasion and migration is still controversial.In order to better clarify regulatory effect and possible mechanism of abnormal expression of IL-32 on different histopathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation,and to explore new directions and breakthroughs in molecular mechanism of early truncation and treatment of gastric precancerous lesion(GPL),we searched literatures related to IL-32 in six authoritative databases at home and abroad,such as Pubmed,Web of Science and CNKI,in past 30 years.It was found that pathogenicity or protective function of IL-32 in different histo-pathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation depended on its different subtypes,secretory forms,surrounding cytokine environment,disease status and genetic factors.IL-32 may regulate polarization of macrophages through NF-κB,MAPK,COX2,PR3,IDO,NOD,PKCδ,FAK and STAT3,amplify or inhibit chronic inflammatory stimulation of gastric mucosa,and thus participate in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.Our new understanding of role of IL-32 in different stages of Cor-rea cascade may contribute to development of cytokine-directed therapy,and therapy aimed at regulating different alternative splicing subtypes of IL-32 and targeting IL-32 signals can be used as a new strategy for medical treatment of GPL and GC in future.

Objective:To explore the association between adverse outcomes of preterm infants and obstetric factors such as infection,maternal disease and treatment measures in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes(PPROM),so as to provide more accurate and effective prediction and intervention methods for im-proving maternal and infant prognosis.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 534 PPROM patients who gave births in the obstetrics department of The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical Uni-versity from January 1,2018,to August 31,2023.Based on the presence of severe preterm birth complications in premature infants(including bronchopulmonary dysplasia,necrotizing enterocolitis,retinopathy of prematurity,neonatal infectious pneumonia,neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,and neonatal sepsis)or death,the patients were divided into two groups:the adverse outcome group(n=121)and the non-adverse outcome group(n=413).The study compared differences between the two groups in general conditions,pregnancy complications and comorbidities,treatment and management,amniotic fluid and pla-cental infections.Logistics regression analysis was used to identify obstetric factors associated with adverse out-comes in preterm infants.Results:Univariate analysis revealed that patients in the adverse outcome group had smaller gestational weeks at delivery,longer intervals between membrane rupture and delivery,and a lower rate of vaginal delivery compared to those in the non-adverse outcome group.They also had a higher proportion of con-current cervical insufficiency,antepartum hemorrhage,hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,and anemia of preg-nancy.The use of prenatal magnesium sulfate and glucocorticoids for fetal lung maturity promotion before delivery was higher,and the effective coverage rates of prophylactic antibiotics was lower.The positive rates of amniotic fluid bacterial culture,the proportion of clinical chorioamnionitis,and histological chorioamnionitis were higher.All of the above differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed that positive amniotic fluid bacterial culture(OR 4.602,95％CI 2.303-9.196,P＜0.05),anemia of pregnancy(OR 4.192,95％CI 2.064-8.510,P＜0.05),and cervical insufficiency(OR 9.435,95％CI 1.138-78.261,P＜0.05)were independ-ent risk factors for adverse outcomes in preterm infants among PPROM patients,while gestational weeks at deliv-ery(OR0.466,95％CI 0.370-0.586,P＜0.05),effective coverage of prophylactic antibiotics before delivery(OR 0.286,95％CI 0.121-0.673,P＜0.05),and treatment for lung maturity promotion(OR 0.225,95％CI 0.107-0.474,P＜0.05)were protective factors for adverse outcomes in premature infants in PPROM patients.Conclu-sions:The adverse outcomes of preterm infants in PPROM patients are closely related to obstetric factors such as infection,maternal diseases,and treatment measures.Among these,positive amniotic fluid bacterial culture,a-nemia during pregnancy,and cervical insufficiency are independent risk factors for adverse outcomes in premature infants in PPROM patients.On the other hand,gestational age at deli very,effective coverage of prenatal antibiot-ics,and pulmonary maturity promotion therapy are protective factors.

ObjectiveThe research focuses on developing modeling and evaluation methodologies for an animal model exhibiting spleen deficiency and dampness excess syndrome， with the aim of standardizing such animal models for future reference. MethodsBy conducting a literature search on animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess syndrome， relevant publications meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria will be identified based on publication date， data source， types of diseases involved， animal characteristics， modeling methods， modeling duration， macroscopic syndrome assessment indicators， macroscopic quantification indicators， laboratory testing parameters， intervention approaches， positive controls and application context. A database will be established to facilitate the extraction of this information for quantitative analysis， statistical evaluation， and visual representation. ResultsA total of 137 literature articles meeting the standards have been included in the research. The primary animal species used in animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess are SD rats. Modeling methods include single-factor， dual-factor composite， and triple-factor composite methods， with various models widely applied in validation of pharmacological effects and mechanistic explorations. Evaluation indices of animal models for spleen deficiency and dampness excess primarily consist of macroscopic syndrome evaluation indicators and macroscopic quantitative indicators. Laboratory testing indicators are mostly related to research areas such as fluid metabolism and gastrointestinal function. The most commonly studied herbal formulas currently include Shenling Baizhu San and Pingwei San， with natural recovery and the use of the western medicine metronidazole as the most frequently used positive controls. ConclusionThe application of animal models for spleen deficiency and dampness excess is gradually increasing， with various modeling methods already simulating the typical characteristics of this syndrome pattern. However， there are still many areas that are worth contemplating and improving. This study aims to provide reference and ideas for the standardization of symptom names in animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess， as well as for the improvement of model construction and evaluation systems.