Chronic glomerulonephritis （CGN） is a common clinical chronic glomerular disease caused by autoimmune reaction， the pathogenesis of which is complex and has not been fully elucidated. There is no specific treatment method in modern medicine. The establishment of an animal model of CGN in accordance with its characteristics in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine will help to reveal the pathogenesis of CGN， rate drugs， and improve the treatment plan. Based on the clinical diagnostic criteria of CGN， the paper establishes the syndrome differentiation criteria of CGN for Chinese and western medicine. Through summarizing the literature on animal models of CGN and making a further analysis， it is found that the CGN models are mainly modeled using rats with the methods of single-factor induction or two-factor induction， and the main manifestation of the disease characteristics is nephritis-related symptoms. The single-factor-induced or two-factor-induced CGN rat models have a high fitting degree with the clinical characteristics in western medicine， but the fitting degree is insufficient with the clinical characteristics in traditional Chinese medicine. In addition， the CGN models with syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine are dominated by Qi deficiency in the spleen and kidney and Qi deficiency in the lung and kidney， while models for Yang deficiency in the spleen and kidney， Yin deficiency in the liver and kidney， and deficiency of both Qi and Yin are slightly insufficient. Therefore， it is important to prepare a new and improved animal model of CGN， so that a preclinical model can be provided for the exploration of the pathogenesis of CGN in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic research.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of needle cauterization on vitiligo with deficiency cold and blood stasis. METHODS: A total of 62 patients of vitiligo with deficiency cold and blood stasis were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 31 cases each group.On the basis of 308 nm excimer light irradiation combined with ironing with Chinese medicine, the control group was treated with tacrolimus ointment for external use, twice a day; the observation group was treated with needle cauterization at vitiligo spots, once a week.Both groups were treated for 10 weeks. Before and after treatment, the area of vitiligo spot, TCM syndrome score, serum levels of inflammatory indexes (interleukin[IL]-6 and IL-17) were observed in the two groups, and the clinical effect was evaluated. RESULTS: After treatment, the areas of vitiligo spot, TCM syndrome scores and serum levels of IL-6, IL-17 were decreased compared with those before treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and the above indexes in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 93.5% (29/31), which was higher than 77.4% (24/31) in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Needle cauterization could reduce the areas of vitiligo spot in patients of vitiligo with deficiency cold and blood stasis, improve the clinical symptoms, its mechanism may be related to the reduction of serum levels of inflammatory indexes.
Humans ; Vitiligo/physiopathology* ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Interleukin-17/blood* ; Cautery ; Acupuncture Therapy/instrumentation* ; Needles ; Cold Temperature ; Treatment Outcome

Immunotherapy has been widely used in cancer treatment in recent years and functions by stimulating the immune system to kill tumor cells. Radiation therapy (RT) uses radiation to induce DNA damage and kill tumor cells. However, this activates the body's immune system, promoting the release of tumor-related antigens from inactive dendritic cells, which stimulates the recurrence and metastasis of tumors in immune system tissues. The combination of RT and immunotherapy has been increasingly evaluated in recent years, with studies confirming the synergistic effect of the two antitumor therapies. Particularly, the combination of RT by dose adjustment with different immunotherapies has positive implications on antitumor immunity as well as disease prognosis compared with respective monotherapies. This review summarizes the current research status, progress, and prospects of RT combined with immunotherapy in cancer treatment. It additionally discusses the prevalent concerns regarding the dose, time window, and toxicity of this combination therapy.
Humans ; Neoplasms/radiotherapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Radiotherapy/methods*

Hypertrophic scar is a fibrous hyperplastic disorder that arises from skin injuries. The current therapeutic modalities are constrained by the dense and rigid scar tissue which impedes effective drug delivery. Additionally, insufficient autophagic activity in fibroblasts hinders their apoptosis, leading to excessive matrix deposition. Here, we developed an active microneedle (MN) system to overcome these challenges by integrating micromotor-driven drug delivery with autophagy regulation to remodel the scar microenvironment. Specifically, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were introduced into the MNs as a built-in engine to generate CO₂ bubbles, thereby enabling enhanced lateral and vertical drug diffusion into dense scar tissue. The system concurrently encapsulated curcumin (Cur), an autophagy activator, and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), synergistically inducing fibroblast apoptosis by upregulating autophagic activity. In vitro studies demonstrated that active MNs achieved efficient drug penetration within isolated scar tissue. The rabbit hypertrophic scar model revealed that TA-Cur MNs significantly reduced the scar elevation index, suppressed collagen I and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression, and elevated LC3 protein levels. These findings highlight the potential of the active MN system as an efficacious platform for autonomous augmented drug delivery and autophagy-targeted therapy in fibrotic disorder treatments.

Objective To analyze the correlations between the thoracic electrical impedance tomography(EIT)-derived parameters global inhomogeneity(GI),center of ventilation(COV),regional ventilation delay(RVD),and atelectasis in hospitalized patients,and to explore their effectiveness in evaluating atelectasis.Methods The clinical data of 140 hospitalized patients monitored by thoracic EIT between Sep.2024 and Jan.2025 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were assigned to 2 groups based on chest computed tomography confirmation of atelectasis within the preceding short-term period during EIT monitoring:non-atelectasis group or atelectasis group.The algorithm software designed with MATLAB was used to acquire GI and COV.RVD was obtained through analysis with the Dr?ger EIT Data Analysis Tool 6.3 software,and patients'general data were concurrently documented.Comparative analysis of EIT-derived parameters between groups was conducted.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the correlations of GI,COV,and RVD with atelectasis,while receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of EIT-derived parameters in evaluating atelectasis.Results A total of 140 patients were enrolled,with 19(13.6%)cases presenting atelectasis.Compared to the non-atelectasis group,the atelectasis group demonstrated significantly higher proportions of male patients and cardiovascular disease and thoracic surgery(non-pulmonary)histories,lower body mass index(BMI),and alongside elevated GI and RVD values with reduced COV(all P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that GI,COV,and RVD maintained independent associations with atelectasis after adjusting for age,gender,BMI,pleural effusion,and emphysema(odds ratio[OR]=1.39,95%confidence interval[CI]1.20-1.67;OR=0.85,95%CI 0.75-0.96;OR=1.22,95%CI 1.09-1.39;all P＜0.05).The area under curve(AUC)values of GI,COV,and RVD for evaluating atelectasis in hospitalized patients were 0.82,0.80,and 0.82,respectively(while RVD demonstrated a higher AUC,its clinical applicability was influenced by respiratory patterns).Conclusion Thoracic EIT-derived parameters GI and COV demonstrate significant correlations with atelectasis and may serve as valuable indicators for evaluating atelectasis in hospitalized patients.

Objective To explore the relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and re-fractive error in preschool children.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the visual acuity of 2,915 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years using a questionnaire.Results After adjusting for potential confounding factors such as parental education level,premature birth,birth weight,family structure,only-child status,screen-watching,outdoor activity time,and sleep time u-sing a Logistic regression equation,compared with a breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months,a breastfeeding duration of 6 to 12 months(OR=0.683,95％CI:0.516 to 0.903)and＞12 months(OR=0.628,95％CI:0.451 to 0.874)were found to be protective factors against refractive error.Further stratified analysis revealed that a breastfeeding duration of 6 to 12 months(OR=0.640,95％CI:0.459 to 0.892)and＞12 months(OR=0.519,95％CI:0.347 to 0.777)had a protective effect on the visual acuity of preschool children aged 3 to 4 years.Conclusion The duration of breastfeed-ing is a protective factor against refractive error in preschool children aged 3 to 4 years,and prolonging the duration of breastfeeding is beneficial for reducing the occurrence of refractive error.

Objective: To investigate the screen exposure status and influencing factors among 6-12 year-old children in Hainan Province, so as to provide insights into screen exposure intervention for children. Methods: Children aged 6-12 years from 18 counties (cities) in Hainan Province were selected using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from December 2020 to July 2021. Demographic information, parents' educational level, family type and screen time was collected using questionnaire surveys. The screen exposure rate of children was analyzed, and factors affecting screen exposure were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 27 501 children were surveyed, including 13 901 boys (50.55%) and 13 600 girls (49.45%). The mean age was (9.22±1.86) years. Among them, 3 925 children had screen exposure, with a screen exposure rate of 14.27%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that gender (female, OR=0.859, 95%CI: 0.796-0.926), age (OR=1.078, 95%CI: 1.049-1.108), ethnicity (ethnic minorities, OR=1.147, 95%CI: 1.041-1.254), place of residence (rural area, OR=0.869, 95%CI: 0.801-0.944), father's educational level (high school or technical secondary school, OR=0.879, 95%CI: 0.788-0.981; college degree or above, OR=0.686, 95%CI: 0.589-0.818), mother's educational level (college degree or above, OR=0.706, 95%CI: 0.588-0.846), family type (others, OR=1.250, 95%CI: 1.105-1.414), and annual family income (>100 000 Yuan, OR=0.741, 95%CI: 0.619-0.885) were the influencing factors for screen exposure among children aged 6-12 years. Conclusion The screen exposure among children aged 6-12 years in Hainan Province was affected by gender, age, ethnicity, place of residence, parental education level, family type and annual family income.

Objective To explore the value of dynamic nomogram constructed by multi spiral computed tomography(MSCT)features combined with inflammatory indicators in predicting the status of microvascular invasion(MVI)of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)before surgery.Methods The clinical and imaging data of 137 patients with postoperative pathologically confirmed HCC were analyzed retrospectively.According to the status of the MVI,they were divided into positive group(44 cases)and negative group(93 cases).Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen independent risk factors for predicting the MVI status of HCC patients,and a joint prediction model was constructed,which was displayed in the form of a dynamic nomogram.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency,calibration and goodness of fit of the model,Akaike information criterion(AIC)and Bayesian information criterion(BIC)were used for comparison between the models,and a 5-fold cross-validation and decision curve analysis(DCA)were also used to evaluate the stability and clinical applicability of the model.Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that necrosis and delayed-phase enhancement(DEd),and alkaline phosphatase to lymphocyte ratio(ALR)were independent risk factors for predicting MVI status in HCC patients.The area under the curve(AUC)of the dynamic nomogram was 0.721,with the sensitivity of 0.705 and the specificity of 0.656.The AIC and BIC values were 152.372 and 158.212,respectively.The calibration curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model had a high degree of calibration and goodness of fit(χ2=2.372,P=0.967),the average AUC of the 5-fold cross-validation was 0.787,and the DCA showed that the nomogram model had a good clinical applicability.Conclusion The dynamic nomogram model constructed by MSCT features combined with inflammatory indicators is feasible to predict the MVI status of HCC patients before surgery,and the dynamic nomogram can directly generate the prediction results of different individuals.

Objective:To compare the effects of treatment with Hybrid-Hyrax-Facemask(FM)versus miniscrews in the anterior pal-ate combined with Hybrid-Hyrax-Facemask(MSI/FM)for patients with early Class Ⅲ malocclusion and maxillary deficiency.Methods:18 patients aged with early Class Ⅲ malocclusion and maxillary deficiency were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=9)and treated with FM and MSI/FM respectively.Alternating rapid maxillary expansion and constriction(Alt-RAMEC)protocol combined with a maxillary protraction force of 3.92 N was applied on each side of all patients from elastics connected to the facemask in a down-ward and forward direction of 30° to the occlusal plane.Iortho cephalometric software was used to analyze the data of lateral cephalo-grams of the patients before(T0)and after(T1)treatment.Results:Improvement was verified in the facial profile and occlusion of all patients.In MSI/FM group the average treatment time was shorter.There were significant differences(P＜0.05)between T0 and T1 in the following measurements in FM group:SNA,ANB,Co-A,Co-Gn,Wits,S-Go,Na-Me,MP,U1-SN,UADH,LADH,Overjet,UL-EP increased,U1-L1 decreased.There were significant differences(P＜0.05)between T0 and T1 in the following measurements in the MSI/FM group:SNA,ANB,Co-A,Wits,Na-Me,MP,Y-axis,U1-SN,Overjet,UL-EP increased,SNB,Co-Gn-Co-A,S-Go/N-Me,U1-L1,L1-MP decreased.Conclusion:Both FM and MSI/FM combined with Alt-RAMEC protocol and a maxillary protraction force are effective in the treatment for Class Ⅲ patients with maxillary deficiency.MSI/FM may produce more significant bone effect and re-duce dental compensation,promote more forward growth of midface and more improvement in the growth direction of mandible and re-duce compensatory lip inclination of anterior teeth in shorter treatment time.

Objective To develop a self-assessment scale for medication literacy in patients with coronary heart disease comorbidity diabetes and to test its reliability and validity.Methods According to medication literacy theory model,the initial scale was formed through literature review,the qualitative interview and expert inquiry.Cognitive interview was used to optimize the expression of item text.421 patients with coronary heart disease comorbidity diabetes in a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang province from November 2022 to April 2023 were selected to investigate the reliability and validity of the scale by convenience sampling.Results The self-assessment scale of drug literacy for coronary heart disease comorbidity diabetes mellitus included 23 items in 5 dimensions including acquisition,understanding,communication,evaluation and calculation.The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.911;the retest reliability was 0.948;the average content validity index was 0.997;the correlation coefficients between each dimension and total score of the scale and the calibration scale ranged from 0.485 to 0.926.The exploratory factor analysis was employed to extract 5 common factors,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 73.753％.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale factor structure was stable.Conclusion The scale has good reliability and validity,and it can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the self-rated medication literacy level of patients with coronary heart disease comorbidity diabetes.