Background: Skin diseases are highly prevalent worldwide. Although plant-derived medicinal materials continue to be used among Mongolians for the traditional and household management of dermatological conditions, studies that systematically quantify their frequency of use, informant consensus, and cultural significance remain limited. Aim: To determine the traditional knowledge, patterns of use, and cultural significance of plant-derived medicinal materials used for dermatological conditions among residents of Ulaanbaatar using quantitative ethnobotanical indices. Materials and Methods: Information was collected on the diversity of plant species used for dermatological conditions, modes and frequency of use, perceived effectiveness, adverse effects, and methods of preparation and processing. The collected data were evaluated using quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including the Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Popularity Level (RPL), Rank Order Priority (ROP), Cultural Importance Index (CII), Jaccard Index (JI), and Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (SDI). Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2016. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Approval Protocol No. 25-06/03-03 and Ethical Opinion Protocol No. 26/03-B02). Result: A total of 73 plant species belonging to 36 families were documented, with species from the Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, and Liliaceae families being predominant. Regarding modes of use, 29.6% of the remedies were prepared as infusions or decoctions and applied as washes or topical applications, 18.9% involved the direct application of plant juice, and 18.1% were applied as mashed plant material or poultices. Aloe barbadensis showed the highest ethnobotanical importance, with UV= 0.19, RFC=0.128, CII=0.19, RPL=1.00, and ROP=100. Nugaraa altan tovch, Gobi thyme, yashilduu sea buckthorn, and greater plantain were also highly ranked. The Informant Consensus Factor was highest for thermal burns (ICF=0.82), followed by open wounds (ICF=0.77) and pustular acne (ICF=0.76). Eighteen species overlapped with the 126 medicinal materials recorded in traditional medicinal prescriptions, yielding a Jaccard Index of JI=10%. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index was H′=3.4184, with an evenness value of E=0.7967. Among the informants, 40.8% reported a reduction in symptoms, while 61.9% reported no adverse effects associated with the use of plant-derived medicinal materials. Conclusion 1. Among residents of Ulaanbaatar, information was documented on the use of 73 plant species belonging to 36 families for skin diseases. Knowledge of these plants was transmitted mainly within families, and topical methods of use, including washing with herbal infusions, rinsing, and direct application of expressed plant juice, were predominant. 2. According to the quantitative ethnobotanical indices, Aloe vera showed the highest values for use, citation frequency, and cultural importance. Matricaria chamomilla L., Thymus gobicus Tschern., Hippophae rhamnoides L., and Plantago major L. also ranked highly. The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values were observed for thermal burns, open skin wounds, and acne vulgaris.

Background: Cimicifuga foetida L. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculaceae and is distributed in temperate regions of East and Central Asia. The plant has traditionally been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of biologically active compounds, including triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. However, studies on the biologically active constituents and optimal extraction conditions of C. foetida growing under the environmental conditions of Mongolia remain limited. Aim: To identify selected biologically active compounds present in the aerial parts of Cimicifuga foetida L. and to determine the optimal conditions for extraction. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Cimicifuga foetida L., collected in August 2025 from the Gorkhi-Terelj area of Nalaikh District, were used as the study material. Biologically active compounds were identified by histochemical methods using potassium dichromate, ferric chloride, methylene blue, Lugol’s solution, Dragendorff’s reagent, and thymol–concentrated sulfuric acid reagent. Optimal extraction conditions were evaluated by extracting raw materials of 1, 2, and 3 mm particle sizes with 20–80% ethanol and determining the total polyphenol content using the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Maceration, an intensified maceration method using agitation, percolation, and ultrasound-assisted maceration were also compared. Result: Histochemical analysis showed positive reactions for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, starch, and polysaccharides, whereas the reaction for essential oils was negative. The highest total polyphenol content (0.742%) was observed in the extract prepared from 2 mm particle-size material using 60% ethanol, while the lowest content (0.03882%) was observed in the extract prepared from 3 mm particle-size material using 20% ethanol. Among the extraction methods evaluated, ultrasound-assisted maceration produced the highest extractable matter content (38.3 ± 0.66%). The yield of the concentrated extract obtained using 60% ethanol was 15%, with a total polyphenol content of 0.43325%. Conclusion 1. Positive histochemical reactions for phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as alkaloids, starch, and polysaccharides, were observed in the transverse sections of the stems of Cimicifuga foetida L., whereas the reaction for essential oils was negative. 2. The optimal extraction conditions for Cimicifuga foetida L. raw material were determined to be a particle size of 2 mm, extraction with 60% ethanol, and an ultrasound-assisted intensified maceration method.

Background: Panzerina lanata (L.) is widely distributed across various ecosystems in the mountain, steppe, and Gobi regions of Mongolia and has traditionally been used in folk medicine to alleviate joint and muscle inflammation, reduce liver heat, lower blood pressure, promote diuresis, and treat edema and tumors. Its similar applications in Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine suggest considerable therapeutic potential and biological activity. Studies conducted since 2019 have reported that P.lanata (L.) is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant-active constituents; however, studies on the microscopic and histochemical characteristics of the species growing under Mongolian conditions remain limited, providing the rationale for this study. Aim: To characterize the microscopic features of Panzerina lanata (L.), determine the distribution of starch, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds using histochemical methods, and evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: For microscopic analysis, plant materials were softened by soaking for 24 h in a 1:1:1 water–ethanol–glycerin mixture (Strich–Fleming solution), followed by preparation of manual transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems, roots, and petals. A 10% chloral hydrate solution was used for clearing. Histochemical analyses were performed using potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), Lugol’s solution (I₂/KI), thymol (C₁₀H₁₄O) with concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), methylene blue (C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S), and Dragendorff’s reagent. The prepared sections were cleared with glycerin and examined under an Olympus light microscope at ×40 and ×100 magnifications, with images documented using a 12-MP camera. Result: Microscopic examination of the roots, stems, and petals revealed that the root stele exhibited a polyarchy arrangement, with clearly differentiated xylem, phloem, and cambial tissues in both transverse and longitudinal sections. Scalariform tracheary elements in the xylem contributed to water and mineral transport and mechanical support. The stem xylem contained both spiral and scalariform tracheary elements. The petals consisted of cells with double walls and single nuclei, while the floral seed tissue was composed of meristematic tissue associated with continuous cell division, growth, and tissue differentiation. Histochemical analysis of transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems and roots, as well as petal sections, revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids), and starch. Conclusion Microscopic, histochemical, and phytochemical analyses of Panzerina lanata (L.) revealed the presence of biologically active compounds, indicating its potential for use in the quality evaluation of medicinal plant raw materials.

BACKGROUND. The 84.4 percent of newly diagnosed patients with diabetes have obesity in Mongolia. Nowadays, prevalence of obesity has increased steadily in Mongolia. Diabetic patients with viral hepatitis has high risk of having liver cirrhosis. Therefore, screening of fatty liver and liver fibrosis in diabetic patients is more important. The main diagnosing method of fatty liver and liver fibrosis is liver biopsy and histology but so far, we are able to detect viral infection using viral marker and determine fibrosis stage of NAFLD in patients who has diabetes mellitus type 2. Using noninvasive method determining liver fibrosis involve many researches to reveal new biomarkers and technics to find out liver fibrosis. Japanese researchers has found The Wisteria floribunda agglutinin- positive human Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) was recently shown to be a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker with a unique fibrosis-related glycoalteration.This biomarker helps to determine liver fibrosis stage in fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis. There is no research to reveal viral infection, fatty liver and liver fibrosis in diabetic patients in Mongolia, so far. So it is necessary to study revealing viral infection, fatty liver disease and to determine stages of fibrosis using WFA+-M2BP to screen liver fibrosis in diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE. To identify viral infection, HCV/HBV in patients with diabetes and to compare liver function and diabetes control for diabetic patients with liver disease. METHODS. We collect data from 25thNovember, 2015 to October of 2016. We got permission of research from the patients by handwriting signature who diagnosed Diabetes mellitus in National University Hospital. Haemotology, biochemistry test, coagulogramm, immunology test are evaluated in 415 patients in clinical laboratory of National university hospital. By the objective, the diabetes patients with viral hepatitis will attend to second step of research. We used HISCL 5000 apparatus of Sysmex Japan to do immunology tests. Also we use SPSS 19.0 and EXCEL program. RESULT. There were 294 patients and by WHO classification of ages 20-29 aged patient (n=4), 30-39 aged(n=19), 40-49 aged(n=65), 50-59 aged(n=126), 60-70 aged(n=48), over 70 aged(n=14)or 53.24±9.43. 146 patients are male,148 patients are female.By BMI 29.9±1.14.By blood test, thrombocytes counted 256.6±11.7;in coagulogramm the prothrombin time was 111.7±31.4; in biochemistry test total bilirubin 16.46±10.6; AP 364.7±192.3;AST 35.7±45.7; ALT 42.8±45.5; GGT 86.53±123.4;albumin 42.06±23.95;total cholesterol 6.04±2.47;triglyceride 5.72±34.5;HbA1c 8.83±5.92; in immunology testsanti-HCV 29.37±18.87 (n=58); HBsAg 590.134±1013.7 (n=23); M2BP (COI) counted 2.24±2.19. CONCLUSION. There were 58 diabetic patients with C viral infection and 23 diabetic patients with B viral infection. By WFA+-M2BP glycobiomarker, we found that diabetic patients with viral hepatitis has more liver fibrosis.