Climate change and child malnutrition Introductions: Globally, one billion children are living in areas at high risk of climate change exposure. Among them, over 200 million children under the age of five suffer from severe malnutrition, and 148 million experience growth and developmental stunting. Climate change affects key determinants of child health such as the nutritional value of food, environmental conditions, and living standards. Mongolia is classified among countries with a high climate vulnerability index. Therefore, it is essential to study the impact of climate change on children's health in the Mongolian context. We aimed at determining the prevalence and trends of nutritional deficiencies among children under five years of age and to assess the impact of climate change on these deficiencies. Materials and methods: This study was conducted using international databases. Climate change was evaluated using indicators such as the Climate Change Index, average annual land surface temperature, air quality, soil contamination, and precipitation levels. Data on child nutrition were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) database and the Mongolian National Statistical Information Service for the period 2000–2019. Nutritional deficiencies were measured using indicators including wasting and overweight among children under five. Trends in the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies were analyzed using the AR(I)MA model to forecast changes between 2020 and 2030. Regional variations were assessed using panel regression models, and the impact of regional climate variables on child nutrition was estimated. Results: The climate vulnerability index in Mongolia has been increasing, with trends indicating further rises in temperature variability. From 2000 to 2019, the prevalence of wasting and stunting among children under five showed a decreasing trend, with annual reductions projected at 0.5% and 1.8%, respectively. In contrast, overweight and obesity among children under five are projected to increase until 2030, with Ulaanbaatar showing statistically significant high values. A correlation was found between climate change indicators and childhood overweight. Conclusions: There is a rising trend in overweight and obesity among young children. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on child nutrition, food safety, and nutritional deficiencies. These associations must be taken into serious consideration in public health planning and policy.

Background: It is stated in the Government Programme of 2016-2020 that public servants, including health care workers, shall be given a gradually increased salary based on their skill, dexterity, workload, and productivity, and such increase started from 2018 as planned. In the health sector of our country, regarding demand and regulation of the programme, the change shall be made that the system for median salary of physicians and overall staff employed at hospitals gets even constructive, and the required human resource for the sector shall be prepared. Thus, inferring from these claims, median salary, real wage, and socioeconomic condition are in critical need for further evaluation. Objective: To examine the current socio-economic condition of health care workers, and to study the influencing factors at play. Methods: In this study, we used quantitative and qualitative methods. In the survey, we involved 655 health care workers from 6 family health centers, 2 district hospitals, 3 health centers (district-based) in Songinokhairkhan, Sukhbaatar, and Baganuur districts; and Provincial hospital, regional diagnosis and health center, 16 soum health centers from Khovd, Uvs, Arkhangai, Bulgan, Khentii, Dornod, Umnugovi, and Dornogovi provinces, along with 3 National specialized health centers and 1 National central hospital. As for data gathering for the qualitative analysis, 30 focus group interviews and 47 key informant interviews were conducted for the purpose of examining socioeconomic condition, real wage sufficiency of health care workers. Results: Average household income of study participants was 1,880,269 tugrik, the real wage was 1,073,065 tugrik, and the overall household is seen to be composed of 2 different sources on average, namely, self-wage and the income coming from family members or supplement of Child Money Programme. It has come to notice that 19.5% of the participants have lower than average living standard, 89.2% have 2 different loans (mortgage, auto loan or mobile application based loans). Material deprivation index is seen to be 2.73, hence deemed as insufficient. In order to increase the real wage of those workers, it shall be taken into consideration that the basic salary is low, and some financial supplements need to be given. Furthermore, the performance based funding system of health sector is seen to be in need of improvement. Conclusion Real wage of the health care workers is, thus, insufficient. The fact that one in every five workers in this sector have lower than average living standard, and the material deprivation index is 2.73 implying that the financial lives of health care workers are immensely fragile.

BACKGROUND: According to the United Nations, drug reports 2016, 250 million people aged 15 to 64 an estimated 29 million of them have used drugs and narcotics. The United nations states that the drug and narcotic manufacturing have increased by three times in east 15 years. Mongolia is located between Russia and China that are the most drug used countries in the world and it can increase the risk of drug usage in Mongolia. OBJECTIVE: Study to knowledge and attitude about drugs and narcotics among the high school, college and universities students in Ulaanbaatar. METHODS: The research was conducted among the school, college and universities students and the analytic research method was used in our research. 176 middle and high school students, 215 university students and 70 college students from morning classes were participated in the survey. The survey research was used method of collecting information and materials about the drug usage and narcotics. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The highest point was 16 (n=1) and lowest point was 0 (n=16) and the knowledge of drugs among the students was 8.14. Results releated that 7.8% (n=36) of students have enough information about the drugs and narcotics, 62.9% (n=261) of students did not have enough information and 29.3% (n=135) of them have informed moderately. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring the knowledge about drugs and narcotics among the students, 7.8% of them have enough information, 62.9% of them did not have enough information and 29.3% of them have informed moderately

IntroductionThe imported food products are more than 60 percent of total food consumption of Mongolia. Thelead residue in food products causes chronic and acute poisoning to the human health when exceedsmaximum residues limits, and human exposure and significant public health problems in many partsof the world.GoalTo assess lead residues and health risk of some commonly consumed imported food productsamong Mongolian population.Objectives:1. To determine consumption of some imported food products of Mongolian population;2. To investigate lead residue in some commonly consumed imported food products;3. To assess potential health risk related lead residue.Materials and MethodsThe research used analytic study of cross-sectional study design. Randomly selected 1290 people’simports food consumption was analyzed by questionnaire and body weight measurements. Tooksamples from 145 import products, identified lead residue with Academy of Sciences Soil ResearchLaboratory`s, ASS (USA, 2002) equipment.Results60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits, suchus mean lead residues in meat product were 1.55 mg/kg, in milk product 1.22 mg/kg, in cerealproducts 1.15 mg/kg, in vegetables 1.57 mg/kg, in fruit and fruit juice 1.03 mg/kg, in alcohols drink1.31 mg/kg, and in tea 1.93 mg/kg (p=0.001). Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI)of lead exposure for survey responses was 0.079mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:1. 60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits,such us mean lead residues in meat product, milk products, fruits and vegetables.2. Imported vegetables (54.0%), cereal 8.4% products (15.5%), fruit and fruit juice (11.8%), andmilk products (8.4%) is main contributing to lead residues in imported food.3. Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of lead exposure for survey responseswas 0.079mg/kg body weight, which is 3.2 times higher than toxicological guidance (PTWI 0.025mg/kg per 1 kg human body weight) and the high health risk level.

Background. Cerebral palsy (CP), which is the most commonly encountered neuromuscular disorder of childhood, causes permanent physical deficits and sometimes intellectual deficits. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CP, the incidence of that disorder has not declined; it parallels the increased survival rates of premature infants. The children with CP may not have trunk control because they have spasticity and weakness in their trunk control. Goal. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of functional electrical stimulation (FES) application on the abdomen-posterior back muscles in children with Cerebral palsy (CP). Materials and Methods. However 40 children with spastic CP, being treated in physical therapy, were selected by the way of random-sampling in the study, some of children were excluded by exclusion criteria and then 30 children have completed the study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups FES (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The control group received physical therapy 3 days a week in 45 minute for 6 weeks. The children in the FES group received physical therapy in addition to function electrical stimulation. FES was applied 5 days a week for 6 weeks to abdomen-posterior back muscles in 30 minute-long sessions. To evaluate the score of gross motor function measurement (GMFM) and to evaluate the trunk asymmetry in sitting, radiographic measurements were used. Result. The comparisons of the measurements of the two groups before and after the treatment showed that the GMFM standing score were statistical significantly (p<0.001) increased, and Cobb angles were decreased both groups, but the decrease in the control group was not statistically significant (p=0.128), and FES group was statistically significant (p=0.033). The comparison between groups GMFM standing score increased higher in the FES group than in the control group. Cobb angles after the treatment were statistically significant higher in the FES group than in the control group. Conclusion: To improve gross motor developing for children with CP, FES applied on abdomenposterior back muscles along with physical therapy is more effective than physical therapy alone.