Introduction: In “Bencao gangmu” (李时珍本草纲目 Compendium of Materia Medica) written by Li Shizhen in 1590 mentioned that “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of food and Drink” (忽必烈飲膳正要) instead of “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” by Khusekhui. “Compendium of Materia Medica” is an encyclopedic work on traditional Chinese materia medica before the 16th century. It was compiled and written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), a medical expert of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The compendium is the most complete and comprehensive medical book ever written in the history of Traditional Chinese medicine. It has been translated, totally and partially, in more than 20 foreign languages, including Japanese, Korean, Latin, French, German, English, Russian, etc. It has been reprinted over 100 times in the past 400 years and is still used by scientists, professionals, and practitionars of the fields as a monumental reference work. Why was famous herbalist Li Shizhen highlighted “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”?. Based on the “Bencao gangmu”, the title of the book was “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”, but its popular name was “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”. Methods: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, analysis-synthesis method. Results: According to the general content of the foreword by Minister Yuji and Khusihui (Husihui), the “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is not a newly developed work. Khublai Khan provided the motivation and basis for compiling this book. Conclusion “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is based on the use of herbal medicine and food that was founded by Khublai Khan and evaluated and selected and the actual consumption of the food and drink of eight Mongolian Khans from Khublai (1260-1294) to Zayat Khan (1328-1332). Before Husehui’s book “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” was published, some information related to Mongolian food and drink can be found in the “ Secret history of the Mongols”.

Background : Sources and archeological findings related to the history of Traditional Mongolian medicine are specially studied in connection with the facts and evidence in ancient medical works written in Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages and historical literature, and the development of traditional Mongolian medicine is divided into specific periods, and the origin and development of medical art and external therapy are clarified. Therefore, by summarizing the innovative concepts in the works of Mongolian doctors and maarambas, it is necessary to create the history of traditional Mongolian medicine as a whole and lay the foundation for solving its multifaceted problems. Method: We used the following study methods, manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method. Materials: Four-volume book “History of Mongolian Medicine”, “Huangdi Neijing” and “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”. Results: The works of Huangdi Neijing and Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion are rightly included in the two main texts of Chinese medicine that influenced the development of traditional Mongolian medicine. Mongolian academics have carefully studied the content and structure of “Huangdi Neijing”, “Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion” and “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” from traditional Chinese medical texts and translated them from Chinese into Cyrillic Mongolian script. Conclusion It is very important for us Mongolians to discover important facts related to the history of traditional Mongolian medicine by studying, interpreting, and translating the works of traditional Chinese medicine and the sources of Chinese history. It is also beneficial for the medical industry of our country to promote the classic works of traditional Chinese medicine, actively introduce treatment methods in Mongolia, and further expand the joint activities of the two countries’ health sectors.

Currently, around 20 doctors have received doctoral degrees and 100 doctors have received a master’s degree for research in sources directly related to the 5,000-year history of Mongolian medicine, including theory, philosophy, clinic, and medicine found in the past 30 years. In the future, the history of Mongolian medicine can go back from 5000 years to 6000 years. However, history requires facts, thus it is essential to seek and explore evidence in ancient medical scriptures written in Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Mongolian languages, as well as archeological findings related to medicine.
One of the main areas of research in the history and sources of medical science is to examine the reality, nature, and stages of development of the main concepts of knowledge on fighting diseases, the contribution of doctors and scientists to it, and the importance of scriptures and treatises. Since ancient times, Mongolians have created methods to adapt to the transformation of natural phenomena, extreme climate changes, the characteristics of life, habits, and treatment of injuries and diseases caused by war, developing and creating an independent system of healthy living methods. This system was not only based on the knowledge of Mongolian dhom, Indian and Tibetan medicine, but it was also a complex of knowledge that absorbed the ancient scriptures of French and Russian medicine with the classical tradition of Western medicine as well as Manchu and Chinese medicine. Therefore, we believe that some of the traditional medicine methods in the 215 sutras should be registered as intangible cultural heritage.

Background: In the frame of this research, we used the medical sutra written by Jambaldorj as the main material in order to clarify the specialty and number of mineral-oriented medicines in the “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan”. During the research, it was possible to clarify the structure, general content, and specialty of the sutra written by Jambaldorj, classify mineral-oriented medicines according to the cyrillic alphabet, and make allegory names for some of the raw materials of mineral origin. In addition, the study of mineral oriented medicines in the sutra showed that many issues were important, such as their identification, usages, and new production. As a result of the first study, we identified the characteristics and usages of some essential mineral-oriented medicines. Materials: Medical sutra written by Jambaldorj. “Beautifully wondrous eye ornament.” Method: We used manuscript, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and checklist method. Conclusion A selection of 112 mineral-oriented medicines from the book “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan” was made. In this way, it is possible to interpret and explain the hidden meanings of mineral-oriented medicines in this sutra, and to determine the usages of pharmacology and drug formulations.

dicinal properties. The compendium in effect epitomizes the pharmaceutical achievements and developments of East Asia before the 16th century. Based on his predecessors’ achievements in pharmacological studies, Li contributed further by supplementing and rectifying many past mistakes and misconceptions as regards the nature of many medicinal substances and causes of various illnesses. The compendium in fact heralds the dawning of modern pharmacological studies [1]. The compendium has been translated, totally or partially, into more than 20 foreign languages, including Japanese, Korean, Latin, French, German, English, Russian, etc. It has been reprinted over 100 times in the past 400 years and is still used by scientists, professionals, and practitioners of the field as a monumental reference work [2].
Khusekhui compiled materials of food and beverage, medications, bread, extract, dough, pharmacopeia used in the palace of Mongolian Khaans since Khubilai’s time and secret recipes of famous doctors into “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” with the help of Pu Lan Shi. In 3rd year of Tian Lee, the book was presented to Khaan of the Yuan Dynasty. Khaan ordered official I U Ju to write an introduction to it. This book is considered to be written for a long time from Khubilai’s time to Zayat Khaan. He kept a record of the daily dishes of Mongolian Khaans on the basis of careful observation. Later on, medication and medical herb researcher Lee She Jing wrote in his book Herbal Medication that the Summary of Food and Beverage is about the food and beverage of Khubilai Khaan. Undoubtedly, Mongolian Khaans used mostly Mongolian food and beverage. “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” reveals the rich practices of Mongolians on food and beverage as well as other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition.
In our in-depth study of the book, “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”, we collected a total of 29 words of Mongolian origin and updated the point and explanations. These Mongolian words further confirm that the book was written by a Mongolian. The results of research on these words are clarified in this article.

It is evident that the book “Compendium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion” was not translated until 1757. It may have been translated since 1757. Evidence of this is the School of Clear Script was established in the 47th year of Tengeriig Tetgegch Khan or in 1782 in Beijing. Therefore, we suggest that Zhenjiu Dacheng 针 灸 大成 was written in 1601 by Yang Jizhou 杨继 州 and translated into Mongolian in Clear Mongolian script in 1782. It is reasonable to believe that this written translation of the “Compendium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion “ book spread in western Mongolia from this period. However, today only the 4th and 6th books of the 10 books of this book have been handed down to us.
The first period for the Clear Script developed from 1648 to the second half of the XVIII century, but it did not reflect the Oirat local dialect. The second period covered from the second half of the XVIII century to the recent Xinjiang. In this period Oirat’s local dialect was reflected in the Clear Script. Also, one interesting fact is that there are a lot of Oirat local dialects in the Mongolian translation of the “Compendium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion”.
Therefore, the book is being translated into the late XVIII century or after the second half of the XVIII century.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. Goal: We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament. Results: Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively.
Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. Conclusion There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals.
Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”.
Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. Material and Method: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.
The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal. Results: It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.
Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.
Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.
Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period. Conclusion From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.

Introduction: Due to the dhom zasal is Mongolian’s root medicine, it contains rich of nomadic historical knowdledge regarding traditional medicine. Although during the recent years, studies regarding scripts of dhom zasal have been conducting frequently and collecting and saving several number of dhom scriptures, there is lack of studies regarding their content. Therefore, we decided to conduct the current study to identify causes, conditions and evidences related to historical development of dhom zasal. Goal: We aimed to integrate and compare more than 20 studies in a range of title “Study regarding Script of traditional Mongolian medicine and its ingredients in Sutra of Black Dhom” Method: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method.
We have used following materials khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi, sutras of dhom, dhom related research papers, and books.
We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright. Results: Within in the study, we reviewed more than 20 Sutra of Dhom and from all the sutras, the sutra titled “khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” attracted our attention inconsiderably due to the decree of Great Chinggis khan dedicated to Chaghatai khan was included in the script. Furthermore, the script was written in Mongolian script and it was studied not thoroughly as well as contains a wide range of information.
The decree in the sutra of Dhom is the historical, rare record which contains novel information related to traditional Mongolian medicine history. Although the exact issue date of decree is still unknown, while thinking back about the state status when the decree issued, it was assumed that could be issued during the time between 1226-1227 years. During this time, many of Sartuul nationalities, civilizations was highly developed and many therapists were working and Medicine was well developed in that time. Moreover, Chaghatai khan was introduced as a khan for a period of time, due to that he could aware of culture, and achievements of medicine of his country. Due to that the Great Chinggis khan could have sent a decree to Chaghatai khan to find an effective treatment method. But there was lack information regarding who got which disease and what medicine was needed. Therefore, they assumed that disease have occurred among soldiers who are the most significant part of guarding the state and sent therapeutic Dhoms according to most prevalent disease among soldiers. Conclusion We translated whole of sutra titled “Khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” as an example due to the sutra contains wide range of information and was written in Mongolian script. Also, the decree of Great Chinggis khan was included in the sutra. Due to the reasons above, we have chosen the sutra from many others. Furthermore, we made an explanation regarding some of complicated words and dhoms were classified according to their dedicated disorders.

Choijamts,the Buddhist image-maker and gelon of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gsorig zhungmangbsduspa›ibdudrtsi›isnyingpotshagrangzug rnguselba›ingomtshardga› stongtermdzodzhesbyababzhugs so” in short ngomtshardga› stongtermdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. In his book, the general diagnostic methods of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: interrogation, pulse diagnosis, and analyzing patient’s urine. The diagnostic method in pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. For instance, there are 3 diagnostic methods in “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod” are as follows:
1. Inquire the symptoms of children from parents and examine the children’s faces
2. Research the method of examining ear veins, identify its scientific nature, and open up possibility to use it in training
3. Define the content and characteristics of methods of examining hot and cold quality of child’s ear by touching, and checking color and shape of veins and include these in curriculum of universities that offers traditional medicine program.
There are a number of interesting approaches to the diagnostic of children›s illnesses in the scope of the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”. In the future, there is a need for detailed study of each of these methods and input it into the curriculum,and teaching for medical students are essential.