Introduction: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Methods & Materials: “Gjes bsdus snying nor”. We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison and theoretical analysis methods.
The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like “sleeplessness”, “reduced sleep” and “light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the primary disease of insomnia:
1. Sleeplessness is mentioned among the common symptoms of wind disease, wind palpitation and bone marrow wind, heart wind and lung wind diseases also respectively present with symptoms of reduced sleep.
2. Heat Tri-pa and heart Tri-pa disease can lead to reduced sleep.
3. Mugpo spreads to the heart, it can cause sleeplessness.
4. Deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat etc. can present with symptoms such as reduced sleep and light sleep.
5. Wind induced diabetes can also cause reduced sleep.
6. Palpitations and rheumatic heart disease can cause symptoms of reduced sleep.
7. Trichomoniasis can also lead to symptoms of reduced sleep.
These underlying diseases have both similar symptoms and differences, and they need to be differentiated. Conclusion According to our research, the syndrome types of insomnia include wind, Tri-pa, mugpo and microorganisms. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation, combining the treatment of the underlying disease with hypnotherapy.

Introduction: In “Bencao gangmu” (李时珍本草纲目 Compendium of Materia Medica) written by Li Shizhen in 1590 mentioned that “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of food and Drink” (忽必烈飲膳正要) instead of “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” by Khusekhui. “Compendium of Materia Medica” is an encyclopedic work on traditional Chinese materia medica before the 16th century. It was compiled and written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), a medical expert of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The compendium is the most complete and comprehensive medical book ever written in the history of Traditional Chinese medicine. It has been translated, totally and partially, in more than 20 foreign languages, including Japanese, Korean, Latin, French, German, English, Russian, etc. It has been reprinted over 100 times in the past 400 years and is still used by scientists, professionals, and practitionars of the fields as a monumental reference work. Why was famous herbalist Li Shizhen highlighted “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”?. Based on the “Bencao gangmu”, the title of the book was “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”, but its popular name was “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”. Methods: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, analysis-synthesis method. Results: According to the general content of the foreword by Minister Yuji and Khusihui (Husihui), the “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is not a newly developed work. Khublai Khan provided the motivation and basis for compiling this book. Conclusion “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is based on the use of herbal medicine and food that was founded by Khublai Khan and evaluated and selected and the actual consumption of the food and drink of eight Mongolian Khans from Khublai (1260-1294) to Zayat Khan (1328-1332). Before Husehui’s book “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” was published, some information related to Mongolian food and drink can be found in the “ Secret history of the Mongols”.

Background: Diseases of the digestive system are one of the leading causes of global morbidity, and liver disease is the leading cause, accounting for 52.34% of 100,000 population in Asian countries. In Mongolia, cirrhosis accounted for 32.4% of all liver diseases in 2019.
In traditional medical treatment, liver cirrhosis is included in the scope of chronic diseases and compared with liver’s smug po disease for treatment. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of Tumrinn talkh-7, which is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, especially in the treatment of liver diseases. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of liver smug po and Tumriin Talkh-7 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of liver smug po and the action mechanism of Tumriin Talkh-7 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results. Results: Due to the hot conditions, the blood heat will increase occur. Due to the cold conditions, food absorption is impaired bad blood is formed in the liver. This is how Smug po disease occurs. Tumriin talkh-7 traditional drugs should be analyzed in relation to the transformation of liver smug po disease.
Iron dust is treating heat liver smug po removed.
Calcitu-CaCO3 is clear phlegm heat.
Dracocephallum foetidum Bge. is cures stomach and liver heat.
Inula helenium L. is equable and cures all liver Smug po diseases.
Saussurea lappa L. is sharp, warm nature, regulating wind-blood disorder.
Trogopterus xanthipes mine Edwards is treating old liver disease.
Carthamus tinctorius L. is saffron cures all liver diseases. Conclusions Pathological blood caused by cold and heat factors leads to liver smug po disease. Tumriin Talkh-7 is a cold drug with the effect of treating hot liver smug po disease.

As specified in the main textbook of traditional Mongolian medicine, when diagnosing a disease, first of all, the disease is analyzed according to the type and classification of the disease, and then the root cause of the disease is known. Although there are numerous diseases, it is possible to distinguish exactly which disease it is from other diseases by knowing its root. The ancestors of Mongolians have created and developed dozens of works of materialistic and intellectual culture related to nomadic civilization. In these works, the medical art, treatment methods, and classification of diseases created during the historical development of fighting diseases have a special place. In particular, the very ancient forms of cognition of diseases, their causes, conditions, diagnosis, and treatment methods have been deeply developed from the point of view of mythology, religion, as well as philosophical and scientific views, from the level of simple consciousness to evidence-based knowledge. Within the framework of this knowledge, skin diseases, which have not been widely studied and are not generally used in practice, occupy an important place. There are 18 diseases in the classification of skin diseases, and if we divide them into 4 in detail, a total of 24 diseases are identified. This classification should be called the general classification of skin diseases due to the fact that in addition to the general classification of skin diseases, many others related to skin diseases are mentioned in other categories of diseases in the “Four Medical Tantras”. The results of this study show that these diseases should be integrated and used as a special category of skin diseases.

Background: Some scholars believe that the study of ancient medical works to gain insight into their scientific concepts and correctly understand the profound techniques of doctors are very important to the development of traditional medicine in the 21st century. Cardiovascular disease, the third leading cause of morbidity in Mongolia's population, was 936 per 10,000 people in 2021, an increase of 128 over the ten-year average and 68 decreased the previous year. According to 2021 statistics, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the population, with 5000-5500 deaths per year, or one death in every three people. In 2021, hypertension accounted for 51.6 percent of cardiovascular diseases, an increase of 7.9 percent from 2012. Goal: To analyze the mechanism of action of Marcin-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and compare with its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named "Oral Instruction Tantra" as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and Dmar chen-13 traditional medicine from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of wind-blood ascending disease and the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the comparison method was used to contrast the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on the wind-blood ascending disease and its effect on the pathological model of hypertension induced by dexamethasone. Results The mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 in the treatment of wind and blood ascending disease is to transform pathological blood into physiological blood so as to adjust the disorder of wind and blood and finally achieve the purpose of treatment. We compared the mechanism of action of Dmar chen-13 on wind and blood ascending disease with its effect on the dexamethasone-induced hypertension model. Inhibiting the release of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone is equivalent to transforming pathological blood into physiological blood, opening up blood vessels, and balancing wind and blood disorders in traditional medicine.

Background : Sources and archeological findings related to the history of Traditional Mongolian medicine are specially studied in connection with the facts and evidence in ancient medical works written in Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages and historical literature, and the development of traditional Mongolian medicine is divided into specific periods, and the origin and development of medical art and external therapy are clarified. Therefore, by summarizing the innovative concepts in the works of Mongolian doctors and maarambas, it is necessary to create the history of traditional Mongolian medicine as a whole and lay the foundation for solving its multifaceted problems. Method: We used the following study methods, manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method. Materials: Four-volume book “History of Mongolian Medicine”, “Huangdi Neijing” and “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”. Results: The works of Huangdi Neijing and Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion are rightly included in the two main texts of Chinese medicine that influenced the development of traditional Mongolian medicine. Mongolian academics have carefully studied the content and structure of “Huangdi Neijing”, “Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion” and “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” from traditional Chinese medical texts and translated them from Chinese into Cyrillic Mongolian script. Conclusion It is very important for us Mongolians to discover important facts related to the history of traditional Mongolian medicine by studying, interpreting, and translating the works of traditional Chinese medicine and the sources of Chinese history. It is also beneficial for the medical industry of our country to promote the classic works of traditional Chinese medicine, actively introduce treatment methods in Mongolia, and further expand the joint activities of the two countries’ health sectors.

Currently, around 20 doctors have received doctoral degrees and 100 doctors have received a master’s degree for research in sources directly related to the 5,000-year history of Mongolian medicine, including theory, philosophy, clinic, and medicine found in the past 30 years. In the future, the history of Mongolian medicine can go back from 5000 years to 6000 years. However, history requires facts, thus it is essential to seek and explore evidence in ancient medical scriptures written in Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Mongolian languages, as well as archeological findings related to medicine.
One of the main areas of research in the history and sources of medical science is to examine the reality, nature, and stages of development of the main concepts of knowledge on fighting diseases, the contribution of doctors and scientists to it, and the importance of scriptures and treatises. Since ancient times, Mongolians have created methods to adapt to the transformation of natural phenomena, extreme climate changes, the characteristics of life, habits, and treatment of injuries and diseases caused by war, developing and creating an independent system of healthy living methods. This system was not only based on the knowledge of Mongolian dhom, Indian and Tibetan medicine, but it was also a complex of knowledge that absorbed the ancient scriptures of French and Russian medicine with the classical tradition of Western medicine as well as Manchu and Chinese medicine. Therefore, we believe that some of the traditional medicine methods in the 215 sutras should be registered as intangible cultural heritage.

Zava Damdin Lama, a member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, wrote in the “Golden Book- History of the Spread of Buddhism in Great Mongolia”, the main source of Mongolian history, which stated that, in the summer of 1693, Enkh-Amgalan Khan contracted a mysterious disease and became ill. Undur Gegeen Zanabazar was invited to perform a series of powerful chanting and treatments to alleviate the disease, including a treating mantra called “Dolma Yul Dog” by Tara to pacify the spirits of the land. This Chanting, a complex meditation ritual of Buddhist secret tantra to alleviate pain and suffering, is recited as a solution to the spread of typhoid, human and animal diseases, droughts, dzuds, and natural disasters that is caused by a clash of the eight demon provinces of the earth, water, and the sky. The main textbook of traditional medicine, the “Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantra”, states in the “The Subsequent Tantra- The Entrustment of the Four Tantras”: “101 diseases out of 404 can be cured without medication. 101 diseases can be cured by medicine. 101 diseases can be cured by Chanting. 101 diseases cannot be cured as a consequence of karma”. The treatment stated before was performed as a remedy for the 101 diseases that can be cured by Chanting.

Background: “Dergici toktobuha ge ti ciowan lu bithe” in Manchu language and “Дээрээс тогтоосон дүрс тус бүрийг бүртгэсэн бичиг” in Mongolian, the “Manchu Anatomy” which has an influence on the development of body structure of Mongolian medicine is a unique and rare medical work. The Mongolian version is one of the 108 documentary heritages of the country. Academician Rinchen. B wrote a foreword to the book and published 500 copies through taking photographs in the XVII volume of the series “Corpus scriptorum Mongolorum” or “Corpus of Mongolian script” in 1971, which is now unavailable. The research work was selected to clarify the terms derived from the Latin language, as it is challenging to recognize that the terms are directly transliterated from languages such as Manchu, Tibetan, Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit into Uygurjin Mongolian script. Research goal: Clarifying the term derived from the Latin language in “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order”. Research methods : The hermeneutic method is used to study the origin of the term, hidden meaning, double meaning, and context. A list of Latin-derived terms in the text was sorted and used to form defined sections using a checklist method. Conclusion “Complete Record of the Body by Imperial Order” is a documentary source that exhibits Mongolian physicians and maarambas used European medical discoveries expeditiously. Furthermore, it was found that there are places, plants, medicinal raw materials, and names of scientists from the Latin language.

Background: In the frame of this research, we used the medical sutra written by Jambaldorj as the main material in order to clarify the specialty and number of mineral-oriented medicines in the “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan”. During the research, it was possible to clarify the structure, general content, and specialty of the sutra written by Jambaldorj, classify mineral-oriented medicines according to the cyrillic alphabet, and make allegory names for some of the raw materials of mineral origin. In addition, the study of mineral oriented medicines in the sutra showed that many issues were important, such as their identification, usages, and new production. As a result of the first study, we identified the characteristics and usages of some essential mineral-oriented medicines. Materials: Medical sutra written by Jambaldorj. “Beautifully wondrous eye ornament.” Method: We used manuscript, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and checklist method. Conclusion A selection of 112 mineral-oriented medicines from the book “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan” was made. In this way, it is possible to interpret and explain the hidden meanings of mineral-oriented medicines in this sutra, and to determine the usages of pharmacology and drug formulations.