Introduction: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Methods & Materials: “Gjes bsdus snying nor”. We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison and theoretical analysis methods.
The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like “sleeplessness”, “reduced sleep” and “light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the primary disease of insomnia:
1. Sleeplessness is mentioned among the common symptoms of wind disease, wind palpitation and bone marrow wind, heart wind and lung wind diseases also respectively present with symptoms of reduced sleep.
2. Heat Tri-pa and heart Tri-pa disease can lead to reduced sleep.
3. Mugpo spreads to the heart, it can cause sleeplessness.
4. Deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat etc. can present with symptoms such as reduced sleep and light sleep.
5. Wind induced diabetes can also cause reduced sleep.
6. Palpitations and rheumatic heart disease can cause symptoms of reduced sleep.
7. Trichomoniasis can also lead to symptoms of reduced sleep.
These underlying diseases have both similar symptoms and differences, and they need to be differentiated. Conclusion According to our research, the syndrome types of insomnia include wind, Tri-pa, mugpo and microorganisms. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation, combining the treatment of the underlying disease with hypnotherapy.

Introduction: In “Bencao gangmu” (李时珍本草纲目 Compendium of Materia Medica) written by Li Shizhen in 1590 mentioned that “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of food and Drink” (忽必烈飲膳正要) instead of “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” by Khusekhui. “Compendium of Materia Medica” is an encyclopedic work on traditional Chinese materia medica before the 16th century. It was compiled and written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), a medical expert of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The compendium is the most complete and comprehensive medical book ever written in the history of Traditional Chinese medicine. It has been translated, totally and partially, in more than 20 foreign languages, including Japanese, Korean, Latin, French, German, English, Russian, etc. It has been reprinted over 100 times in the past 400 years and is still used by scientists, professionals, and practitionars of the fields as a monumental reference work. Why was famous herbalist Li Shizhen highlighted “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”?. Based on the “Bencao gangmu”, the title of the book was “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”, but its popular name was “Khublai’s Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink”. Methods: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, analysis-synthesis method. Results: According to the general content of the foreword by Minister Yuji and Khusihui (Husihui), the “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is not a newly developed work. Khublai Khan provided the motivation and basis for compiling this book. Conclusion “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” is based on the use of herbal medicine and food that was founded by Khublai Khan and evaluated and selected and the actual consumption of the food and drink of eight Mongolian Khans from Khublai (1260-1294) to Zayat Khan (1328-1332). Before Husehui’s book “Fundamental Principles of the Food and Drink” was published, some information related to Mongolian food and drink can be found in the “ Secret history of the Mongols”.

Background: Diseases of the digestive system are one of the leading causes of global morbidity, and liver disease is the leading cause, accounting for 52.34% of 100,000 population in Asian countries. In Mongolia, cirrhosis accounted for 32.4% of all liver diseases in 2019.
In traditional medical treatment, liver cirrhosis is included in the scope of chronic diseases and compared with liver’s smug po disease for treatment. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of Tumrinn talkh-7, which is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, especially in the treatment of liver diseases. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of liver smug po and Tumriin Talkh-7 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of liver smug po and the action mechanism of Tumriin Talkh-7 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results. Results: Due to the hot conditions, the blood heat will increase occur. Due to the cold conditions, food absorption is impaired bad blood is formed in the liver. This is how Smug po disease occurs. Tumriin talkh-7 traditional drugs should be analyzed in relation to the transformation of liver smug po disease.
Iron dust is treating heat liver smug po removed.
Calcitu-CaCO3 is clear phlegm heat.
Dracocephallum foetidum Bge. is cures stomach and liver heat.
Inula helenium L. is equable and cures all liver Smug po diseases.
Saussurea lappa L. is sharp, warm nature, regulating wind-blood disorder.
Trogopterus xanthipes mine Edwards is treating old liver disease.
Carthamus tinctorius L. is saffron cures all liver diseases. Conclusions Pathological blood caused by cold and heat factors leads to liver smug po disease. Tumriin Talkh-7 is a cold drug with the effect of treating hot liver smug po disease.

Background: Some scholars believe that the study ancient medical works to gain insight into their scientific concepts and correctly understand the profound techniques of doctors are very important to development of traditional medicine in the 21st century. In “The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023”, strengthen the study of traditional medical books is mentioned. According to epidemiological surveys, gallstones are a common disease worldwide. In the “Oral Instruction Tantra”, pathogenesis and treatment of gallstones mentioned and further refined in the Interpretation books. Although in modern times, doctors have published many papers and books on traditional medical treatment of gallstones and their pathogenesis based on the contents of ancient books and their own clinical experience, but in-depth analysis of the literature information and explanations have not been mentioned in detail. Goal : According to the traditional medical theory to analyze the pathogenesis of bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones and the mechanism of some drug action. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of gallstones and Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of gallstones and the action mechanism of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results.
The study was carried out in accordance with “Academic Staff Code of Ethics” in the appendix of Ministerial Decree No. 454 in 2007.12.03 by Ministry of Education, Culture and Science,Mongolia. Results : Affected by constitution, unaccustomed diet, inharmonious diet and naturally difficult to digest food, stomach fire reduced leads to food can not be corroded by decomposing phlegm, can not be melting by digestive bile and can not be separated by fire-accompanying wind. This causes food waste enter the nutritional essence which is transported to the liver. The pathological blood is produced when color-producing bile in the liver processes nutritional essence and eventually, bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones are caused by the accumulation of bile deposits from the pathological blood under the influence of wind.
We using Mongolian medicine theory to analyze the mechanism of action of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 in treating gallstones. In the prescription, Manufactured Monetaria moneta (Linnaeus), Calcitum and Boar dung are main ingredients, Have a crushing Tri-pa tumor or gallstones effect. The function of the Aucklandia lappa Decne supplement the efficacy of the main ingredients. Trogopterori Faeces, Lagotis Integrifolia and Carthamus tinctorius L. treat pathologic blood in the liver. Gentiana Barbata and Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall hava a reducing bile heat effect. Punica granatum L. has the effect of increasing stomach fire and promoting digestive function. Terminalia chebula Retz. homogenize the three humorus. Conclusions Reduced stomach fire leads to the production of pathological blood in the liver and eventually accumulation of deposits in bile is the cause of bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones. The mechanism of action of Nemert Yvuunii Uns-10 traditional drug for treat bile’s Tri-pa tumor or gallstones is by breaking stones, treating pathological blood, reducing bile heat, increasing stomach fire to promote digestion and homogenizing the three elements

Introduction: The development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine has been closely related to the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in the beginning, and the history of Tibetan medicine since the late middle ages. Therefore, it was impossible to conduct a study without including the historical texts of Tibetan medicine within history of Mongolian Traditional medicine. The scientists from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China included "Materia medica of Tara", "Materia medica of Manjushri", "Materia medica of Yuthog” in the traditional medicinal ancient scripture. However, in recent times, although it has been considered that the "Ocean of medicine names" scripture of Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), the 3rd incarnating lama of Buddhist Karmapa sect should be included in the ancient reference book of pharmacology of Traditional medicine, there is no study aimed to study the ancient medicine in detail. Due to that we aimed to study the ancient pharmacology reference book in detail. Goal: We aimed to clarify the hidden meaning, science or use of the names of raw materials in the fauna of the "Ocean of medicine names". Materials and Methods: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, and analysis synthesis method. We have used following materials Ocean of medicine names and Beautiful eyed ornament. Results: Karmapa Rangjung Dorje's " Ocean of medicine names" was a novel written in the form of a narrative of the properties of 768 medicinal raw materials divided into 11 groups. When these 11 groups were divided into plant, animal, and mineral raw materials, the percentage of each was determined as following: plants 462 (60.2%), 130 (17%), 91, 127 (16.5%), 23 (3%), and 26 (3.3%) of these raw materials from plants, minerals, animals, raw materials, extracts and tincture, respectively.
Also, the fauna was divided into humans, large meat, meat products, bones, vital bones, horns, bile, feathers, hair, feces, oil, milk, yogurt, and others. We differentially counted them by 8 faunas of animals and identified 90 animals and 116 raw material types. Conclusion There are more than 1.5 million species of all kinds of animals in the world. Most of these are occupied by insects. Forests, mountains, steppes, deserts, oceans, rivers, farmlands, urban gardens, homes, and any part of the biosphere are bound to encounter animals.
Medicines of animal origin occupy a very important place in modern medicine. High biologically active hormones and enzymes are extracted from internal and external excretory glands of animals and used for treatment. Lungs, eyes, blood, and bile are valuable raw materials for medicine.

Abstract: Mongolian traditional medicine is an enormous knowledge that has been battling with long term diseases of Mongolian ancestors by gaining experience, analyzing and learning from foreign medicinal theory and practice for 5000 years. Throughout this long historic evolution Mongolian scholars have published many writings about diagnosis, treatment, medicines and ingredients and among these arised Mongolian traditional medicine theory and practice.
The development basis of XXI century traditional medicine are the books and writings of previous doctors, scientists’ knowledge and search through them in depth about practice, medicine especially ingredients and their correlation backgrounds are essential. Purpose: Analyzing additional methods of the prescription included in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” written by Khamba Nomun Khan Luvsandanzanjantsan Methods: Methods of check list, textual analysis for ancient books and analysis and synthesis were used in the study. Conclusion There ara 47 prescription for the addition medicine included in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” written by Khamba Nomun Khan Luvsandanzanjantsan. We classified them into 4 categories as supporting medicine, ruling medicine, changed medicine and dominant medicine.
The supporting medicines were chosen by doctors’ knowledge and practice. Ruling medicine ingredients are used to elevate the effects on the cause, nature and symptoms of the disease, changed medicine ingredients are used to treat three humors’s disorders and dominant medicine ingredients are used to treat complications.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”.
Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. Material and Method: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.
The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal. Results: It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.
Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.
Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.
Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period. Conclusion From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.

Introduction: Luvsandanzanjantsan has written a total of 4 volumes, 79 collections and 220 classes in Tibetan, including 5 medical books. Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra, which was the main research material for our study. We made it easier to start studying the “Root Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras”, a classic work of Indian and Tibetan medicine. “Four Medical Tantras” was the main guide for medical students of traditional medicine at that time. The book “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” has 18 pages sutra from the many works written by Khamba Nomun Khan. He summarized his experience and lessons learned in differential treatment of fever, some of the most common diseases in women, medical care for 22 diseases such as wind, bile and phlegm, measles, mumps, gonorrhea, edema, cold, and so on. We have studied the medicine treatment of colds from these treatments. Purpose: Explain the meaning of the use of anti-cold medicine in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra by Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan. Methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and analysis and synthesis were used in the study. Conclusion Luvsandanzanjantsan was not only a famous scientist who penetrated in many fields of knowledge, but also expanded the research work of Mongolian medicine and became the first Mongolian doctor to study medicine in outer Mongolia. There are three parts in the “man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra by Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan. For treatment to the anti-cold, Mana-4 tan and Norov-7 tan are used in preliminary stage, Tuglogunsel, Tushmel-3, Gajid-9, Erkhem-8, Gurgem-7, Rinchenshagba and Uvsun em-11 are used in hot stage.

Introduction: Due to the dhom zasal is Mongolian’s root medicine, it contains rich of nomadic historical knowdledge regarding traditional medicine. Although during the recent years, studies regarding scripts of dhom zasal have been conducting frequently and collecting and saving several number of dhom scriptures, there is lack of studies regarding their content. Therefore, we decided to conduct the current study to identify causes, conditions and evidences related to historical development of dhom zasal. Goal: We aimed to integrate and compare more than 20 studies in a range of title “Study regarding Script of traditional Mongolian medicine and its ingredients in Sutra of Black Dhom” Method: We conducted the study by using manuscripts, primary source methods, checklist method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method.
We have used following materials khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi, sutras of dhom, dhom related research papers, and books.
We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright. Results: Within in the study, we reviewed more than 20 Sutra of Dhom and from all the sutras, the sutra titled “khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” attracted our attention inconsiderably due to the decree of Great Chinggis khan dedicated to Chaghatai khan was included in the script. Furthermore, the script was written in Mongolian script and it was studied not thoroughly as well as contains a wide range of information.
The decree in the sutra of Dhom is the historical, rare record which contains novel information related to traditional Mongolian medicine history. Although the exact issue date of decree is still unknown, while thinking back about the state status when the decree issued, it was assumed that could be issued during the time between 1226-1227 years. During this time, many of Sartuul nationalities, civilizations was highly developed and many therapists were working and Medicine was well developed in that time. Moreover, Chaghatai khan was introduced as a khan for a period of time, due to that he could aware of culture, and achievements of medicine of his country. Due to that the Great Chinggis khan could have sent a decree to Chaghatai khan to find an effective treatment method. But there was lack information regarding who got which disease and what medicine was needed. Therefore, they assumed that disease have occurred among soldiers who are the most significant part of guarding the state and sent therapeutic Dhoms according to most prevalent disease among soldiers. Conclusion We translated whole of sutra titled “Khukh khutsiin uvdis orshvoi” as an example due to the sutra contains wide range of information and was written in Mongolian script. Also, the decree of Great Chinggis khan was included in the sutra. Due to the reasons above, we have chosen the sutra from many others. Furthermore, we made an explanation regarding some of complicated words and dhoms were classified according to their dedicated disorders.

Choijamts,the Buddhist image-maker and gelon of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gsorig zhungmangbsduspa›ibdudrtsi›isnyingpotshagrangzug rnguselba›ingomtshardga› stongtermdzodzhesbyababzhugs so” in short ngomtshardga› stongtermdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. In his book, the general diagnostic methods of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: interrogation, pulse diagnosis, and analyzing patient’s urine. The diagnostic method in pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. For instance, there are 3 diagnostic methods in “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod” are as follows:
1. Inquire the symptoms of children from parents and examine the children’s faces
2. Research the method of examining ear veins, identify its scientific nature, and open up possibility to use it in training
3. Define the content and characteristics of methods of examining hot and cold quality of child’s ear by touching, and checking color and shape of veins and include these in curriculum of universities that offers traditional medicine program.
There are a number of interesting approaches to the diagnostic of children›s illnesses in the scope of the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”. In the future, there is a need for detailed study of each of these methods and input it into the curriculum,and teaching for medical students are essential.