Background: Plants of the genus Achillea are widely used in both traditional and modern medicine and are known to be rich in biologically active secondary metabolites. Numerous phytochemical and histochemical studies have been con ducted on Achillea millefolium L.; however, Achillea asiatica Serg., which is widely distributed in Mongolia, remains comparatively underexplored. Therefore, investigating the distribution of biologically active compounds, the content of polyphenolic compounds, and the optimal extraction conditions of this species is of significant scientific and practical importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify biologically active compounds in Achillea asiatica Serg. using histochemical methods, to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds and optimal extraction conditions, and to evaluate the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant raw material. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Achillea asiatica Serg. were collected in August 2025 from Erdene soum, Tuv province, Mongolia. Histochemical analysis was performed on transverse stem sections and flower petals using potassium dichromate, ferric chloride (III), methylene blue, Lugol’s iodine, and Dragendorff’s reagent, followed by ob servation under a light microscope. The total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Extraction experiments were conducted using powdered plant material sieved to par ticle sizes of 1, 2, and 3 mm and extracted with 20–80% ethanol. In addition, the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant material were determined according to standard procedures. Results: Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavo noids), and starch, while alkaloids were not detected. Polyphenolic compounds were observed in both stems and flow ers, with more pronounced accumulation in the vascular tissues. The highest total polyphenolic content (0.421%) was obtained from the 1 mm particle-size fraction extracted with 70–80% ethanol. Using 60% ethanol, the total absorption coefficient of the plant material was determined to be 5.74, and the internal absorption coefficient was 1.885. Conclution Achillea asiatica Serg. is rich in polyphenolic compounds, and their anatomical distribution is closely as sociated with the plant’s protective and biological functions. The use of 1 mm particle-size material and 70–80% ethanol was identified as the most suitable condition for extracting polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide a scientific basis for the standardization of Achillea asiatica Serg. as a medicinal and phytopharmaceutical raw material and support its further pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation.

Background: Evaluation of genotoxic potential is essential for reducing carcinogenic risk and for assessing the safety of newly developed pharmaceutical products, traditional herbal medicines, and health supplements. Such evaluation plays an important role in protecting human health. Therefore, in Mongolia, it is necessary to investigate the safety of domestically produced pharmaceutical preparations, natural products, and traditional medicines on a scientific basis in accordance with international standards; to develop and implement national policies and standards; to introduce and localize appropriate methodologies; to protect human health; to prevent cancer, hereditary diseases, and longterm adverse effects; and to promote the rational use of medicines. Aim: To investigate the mutagenic properties of an herbal combination preparation in vitro and its genotoxic effects in vivo. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis, and a herbal combination preparation was formulated in specific proportions. Mutagenicity was evaluated according to OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test) using the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain under both S9 (-) and S9 (+) conditions with the Muta-Chromoplate™ assay. The combination preparation was tested at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562 mg/mL in 96 wells, and reverse-mutated bacterial colonies were assessed by counting the number of wells that changed color from purple to yellow. In addition, using the IPHASE Biosciences kit, the preparation was tested at doses of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562 mg/plate on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 strains under both S9 (-) and S9 (+) conditions. After incubation, the number of bacterial colonies formed was counted and compared with that of the positive control group. Genotoxicity was assessed according to OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test) by evaluating the numbers of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs), and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of BALB/c mice. Result: In the study using the Muta-Chromoplate™ assay, bacterial colonies were observed at doses ranging from 5.0 to 0.1562 mg/mL of the herbal combination preparation. However, compared with the positive control group (aminoanthracene), the number of bacterial colonies was significantly lower (p<0.05). In the study using the IPHASE Biosciences kit, 30–154 bacterial colonies were observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains under S9 (-/+) conditions at doses ranging from 5.0 to 0.156 mg/plate, which was approximately threefold lower than that observed in the positive control groups. In the positive control group treated with cyclophosphamide, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was increased. Conclusion The herbal combination preparation showed no mutagenic activity in either of the two mutation detection assays using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains under S9 (-/+) conditions. In addition, it showed no genotoxic effect in the micronucleus assay.

Background This study is a multi-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial that will compare the impact of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using SIR-Spheres® yttrium-90 microspheres versus sorafenib on overall survival in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A definitive RCT comparing the 2 most promising therapies in locally-advanced HCC will impact on outcomes in a large number of patients and change clinical practice. This will also pave the way for future trials in combined modality therapies in HCC. Methods The study is structured so that patients with locally advanced HCC, who satisfy the study eligibility criteria, will be randomised to receive either: Treatment Arm A: Oral Sorafenib therapy at a dose of 400 mg b.i.d until disease progression, no further response, complete regression or unacceptable toxicity or Treatment Arm B: A single administration of SIR-Spheres into the liver targeted at HCC in the liver by the trans-arterial route. Results Twenty patients treated with 90Y-RE and nineteen patients received Sorafenib at our institution from 14 March 2011, and 30 June 2016 were included. Data from 39 consecutive patients were analyzed. The majority of patients were Child Pugh class B(90%), Barcelona Clinic liver Cancer(BCLC) stage C(58.5%) and Okuda class I (89.5%). Approximately 71% patients diagnosed in IIIa stage and 70% of patients had HBV infection. In the analysis for best response, three of 20 patients in the SIRT group (15%) achieved a partial response 7 of 19 patients (46%) had stable disease, whereas in Sorafenib group, two of 19 patients in the SIRT group (12%) achieved a partial response 9 of 19 patients (39%) had stable disease. Conclusion This study shows the potential efficacy of SIR-Spheres and sorafenib. In summary, selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using SIR-Spheres is a promising treatment for well selected patients with unresectable HCC. Sorafenib is effective for the patients with locally advanced HCC without portal vein thrombosis (PVT).

The goal of this study is making the value of Mongolian people about Mongolian traditional medicine (TM) and non-traditional medicine (NTM). Totally, 694 citizens involved from Ulaanbaatar city, Nalaikh District and 7 provinces (Selenge, Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, GoviAltai, Tov, Zavhan, Dundgovi, and Hovsgol) of Mongolia. The citizens included with age between 20-70. We used of questionnaire randomly, from February to May of 2015. The 69.1% of 694 citizens was between the 20-40 age, and 63% were female and 37% were male. In this study, the 43% of all subjects was described to use both all medicines and 25% was traditional medicine, 32% was non-traditional medicine. However, in the cancer 14,8% was nontraditional medicine, 20.6% traditional medicine, 31.8% was used a combination of traditional medicine and non traditional medicine. The 58% of all subjects describe to an know that evaluate to diagnose by pulse palpation, to evaluating the image, using traditional drugs and other methods. The 60% of all subjects describe that treatment advantage Traditional medicine and 40% non-traditional medicine. Whether the adverse effects of treatment, 38% wasn’t of traditional medicine and 32% wasn’t non-traditional medicine. To getting the information about traditional medicine, 86% was from own families, friends and journal, and 14% from other sources. Most of the citizens (43 %) used a combination of TM and NTM. The satisfaction was 60% for TM, this seems to be caused of closer to the patient .