Interleukin (IL)-33, as a core alarmin of the IL-1 family, binds to its specific receptor suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) to form the IL-33/ST2 axis, which exhibits dual immunoregulatory effects in various common parasitic infections. This article reviews the triple regulatory mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis: activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway to induce helper T cell (Th) type 2 cytokine secretion; driving macrophage M2 polarization; and regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. The aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of the bidirectional immunoregulatory role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in five common parasitic infections and to provide a theoretical basis for developing specific treatment strategies.

Interleukin (IL)-33, as a core alarmin of the IL-1 family, binds to its specific receptor suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) to form the IL-33/ST2 axis, which exhibits dual immunoregulatory effects in various common parasitic infections. This article reviews the triple regulatory mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis: activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway to induce helper T cell (Th) type 2 cytokine secretion; driving macrophage M2 polarization; and regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. The aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of the bidirectional immunoregulatory role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in five common parasitic infections and to provide a theoretical basis for developing specific treatment strategies.

Objective:To explore the dynamic changes of thrombosbondin-1(TSP-1)and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)in patients who underwent hepatectomy and their clinical value in predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure(PHLF).Methods:Clinical data of 113 patients who received hepatectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from Janu-ary 2016 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.The cohort comprised 59 males and 54 fe-males,with an average age of(41.00±13.98)years.According to the standard of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery(ISGLS),TSP-1 was divided into the PHLF group(n=40)and the non-PHLF group(n=73).The dynamic changes of plasma TSP-1 and TGF-β plasma levels during peri-operative period were observed.The definition and diagnostic criteria suggested by ISGLS was used to evaluate PHLF.The value of plasma TSP-1 and TGF-β level in predicting PHLF were ana-lyzed by calculating areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves(AUCs).Patients were divided into TSP-1 high group and TSP-1 low groups based upon the ROC cutoff values and their correlation with PHLF was analyzed.T test and Mann-Whitney rank sum test were performed to compare the TSP-1 and TGF-β levels between the two groups.The rate comparison was carried out by Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.Results:In this study,40 patients experienced vary-ing degrees of PHLF.The plasma levels of TSP-1 on postoperative day I(POD1)and day 7(POD 7)in the PHLF group were significantly higher than those in the non-PHLF group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,re-spectively).The area under the ROC curve of plasma TSP-1 level on postoperative 1 d in the diag-nosis of PHLF was 0.725,with sensitivity of 0.864 and specificity of 0.647.The area under the ROC curve of plasma TSP-1 level on postoperative 7 d in the diagnosis of PHLF was 0.81,with sensitiv-ity of 0.818 and specificity of 0.765.Conclusion:The incidence of PHLF is related to the extent of liver resection,Child-Pugh grade and TSP-1 levels on postoperative day 1.The concentration level of TSP-1 on POD land 7 might be utilized as an effective marker for predicting PHLF.

Biliary atresia is a category of disease caused by biliary cirrhosis due to progressive fibro-inflammatory obstruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts, and eventually progresses into liver failure. It is a common indication for liver transplantation in children. In this article, the pathogenesis, diagnosis of biliary atresia, timing, procedures and postoperative complications of liver transplantation were illustrated. Meantime, current status and development of pediatric liver transplantation were discussed.

Objective:To explore the application value of digital technology in free transfer of ALTPF to repair large-area soft tissue defect of limbs.Methods:A total of 13 patients with large-area soft tissue defects of limbs treated from April 2017 to April 2020 were selected in the study, including 9 males and 4 females, aged 39-58 years old. The average age was (42.75±1.94) years old. The area of flap was 16 cm×10 cm-27 cm×18 cm. Before operation, CTA was performed on the donor and recipient areas, and the 3-dimensional image of arterial blood supply in the donor area was obtained by 3-dimensional digital reconstruction technology of CT angiography, so as to clarify the origin, course, classification, length vascular pedicle, of diameter and location of perforating fulcrum of the blood supply of ALTPF. According to the image parameters 3-dimensional, of the defect of the recipient area was reconstructed and designed with Mimics software, and the 3-dimensional digital designed flap was used accurately and standardized during the operation.Results:All the 13 flaps survived without a vascular crisis. The patients entered the follow-up for 6 to 24(mean 16) months by outpatient clinic visits combined with WeChat reviews. At the last follow-up, the surviving flaps had soft texture and good blood supply, the shape and colour of the flap were basically the same as those of normal skin. The limb function recovered well. According to Chinese Medical Association Upper Limb Function Evaluation (TAM) method and Maryland ankle function evaluation method: 8 cases were in excellent, 3 cases were in good and 2 cases were in fair.Conclusion:The preoperative application of digital technology to assist the reconstruction of large-area soft tissue defects of limbs with free ALTPF has high accuracy and standardisation. It improves the quality and success rate of free flap repair. This method is reliable, practical and with clinical value.

Objective:To compare internal fixation with 3 cannulated screws versus with an anteromedial support plate plus 3 cannulated screws using finite element analysis for unstable femoral neck fractures (Pauwels type Ⅲ).Methods:Recruited for this study was a 34-year-old male volunteer with a height of 173 cm and a weight of 75 kg. Continuous thin-layer helical CT was conducted to scan the segment from his hip joint to the middle shaft of his tibia. Digital medical software was used to establish three-dimensional models of the femur based on his femoral CT data. The digital femoral necks were dissected as necessary to simulate femoral neck fractures of Pauwels type Ⅲ. The fractures were fixated with 3 ordinary cannulated screws in a mode of inverted triangle (screw group) and with 3 ordinary cannulated screws in a mode of inverted triangle plus an anteromedial steel plate (screw-plate group). After the 2 groups of models were subjected to identical constraints and 3 kinds of load (slow walking, twisting and standing on one leg), they were compared in terms of distribution of Von Mises stress and deformation.Results:Under various loads in both groups, the maximum deformation occurred in the femoral head. In the condition of slow walking, the deformation in the screw-plate group was 1.97 mm, which was smaller than that in the screw group (2.26 mm). In the conditions of twisting and standing on one leg, similar deformations were observed in both groups. Under all kinds of load, the maximum stress occurred in the middle part of the bottom screw and the fracture line in all the models. In the screw group, the peak stresses were 318.09 MPa, 92.11 MPa and 147.21 MPa for conditions of slow walking, twisting and standing on one leg, greater than those in the screw-plate group (229.86 MPa, 86.94 MPa and 124.48 MPa).Conclusions:The cannulated screws plus an anteromedial support plate are a recommendable fixation method for young adults with unstable femoral neck fracture, because they can effectively share the stress on the cannulated screws, lead to better mechanical stability of the fracture ends than the fixation with merely 3 cannulated screws and effectively prevent shortening of the femoral neck.

The occurrence and development of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIR) has important clinical significance,while interleukin-6 (IL-6) is closely related to HIR and it plays an important role in the signaling pathway between downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).IL-6 has been considered to be a typical proinflammatory cytokine.Activation of the gpl30 homodimer by IL-6 leads to the initiation of Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT path-way that is often constitutively switched on in inflammatory diseases.However,a plethora of studies in the last decade showed that only signaling via the soluble IL-6R (trans-signaling) accounts for the deleterious effects of IL-6,whereas the signaling via the membrane-bound receptor (classic signaling) is essential for the regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects of IL-6.In this paper,the latest progresses in the research field of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in HIR is discussed.

Objective To explore the feasibility of superior mesenteric vein-left portal vein bypass (Meso-Rex) using iliac arterial in the treatment of primary cavernous transformation of portal vein (CTPV). Methods The patient, female, 40 years old, was hospitalized due to dull pain in the upper abdomen for 4 weeks. Abdominal CT angiography showed CTPV, varicosity in the lower esophagus and fundus of stomach, and splenauxe. The admitting diagnosis was primary CTPV. Meso-Rex was performed using iliac artery from donation after cardiac death bridging between superior mesenteric vein and left intrahepatic portal vein. The patient was given heparin for anticoagulation therapy and was followed up by ultrasound after the operation. The informed consent of this patient were obtained and the local ethical committee approval was received. Results The operation was performed successfully. The blood flow of bypass vessel was good after operation, and no complication was observed. During 3 months follow-up, no thrombosis in the bypass blood vessel was observed. Conclusion Meso-Rex is a curative operation for CTPV, and has definite clinical effect. Iliac artery is safe and feasible when used as a shunt vessel. Giving active anticoagulant therapy to prevent thrombosis after operation is the key to success.

Objective To systematically evaluate the storage effect and transplant outcomes of University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) preservation solution on liver allografts.Methods Literatures were researched using PubMed,Embase (1980-),Ovid Medline (1948-),The Cochrane Library,Wanfang database,VIP database from the database establishement to October 2015 with the key words including organ preservation,storage solutions,Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate or HTK,custodial,bretschneider,University of Wisconsin,UW solution,viaspan,cardiosol,belzer solution,hepatic transplantation,liver transplantation,viscera transplantation,liver grafts,hepatic grafts,liver allografts,hepatic allografts,器官移植,器官保存液,UW,HTK,肝移植and比较.Two reviewers independently screened literatures,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias.All the patients using UW and HTK preservation solutions were respectively allocated into the UW group and HTK group.Count data were represented as the odds ratio (OR) and measurement data were represented as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95％ confidence interval (CI).The heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed using the I2 test.Results Eleven literatures were retrieved,and the total sample size were 34 475 patients including 25 248 in the UW group and 9 227 in the HTK group.The results of Meta analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the primary transplants nonfunction,retransplant rate and 1-year grafts overall survival rate between the 2 groups (OR =1.18,0.84,0.97,1.02,95％ CI:0.55-2.57,0.47-1.50,0.66-1.42,0.66-1.58,P ＞0.05).There were also no statistically significant differences in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),total bilirubin (TBil) at postoperative day 1 between the 2 groups (SMD =-0.19,-O.30,0.30,95％ CI:-0.62-0.23,-0.70-0.10,-0.01-0.61,P ＞0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the postoperative prothrombin time(PT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) between the 2 groups (P ＞0.05) and in the incidence of postoperative biliary complications between the 2 groups (OR =1.49,95％ CI:0.97-2.30,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion There is similar storage effect between UW and HTK preservation solutions on liver allografts,and no difference in the transplant outcomes.

Objective To compare the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization (LS + ED) versus open splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization (OS + ED) in treating portal hypertension using Meta-analysis.Methods Controlled trials comparing LS + ED and OS + ED in treating portal hypertension were electronically searched from Wan Fang Data Knowledge Service Platform,Medalink,CNKI,PubMed,Elsevier,SpringerLink and CBM disc.The most recent search was conducted in April 2015.All the relevant data and references were retrieved and screened.RevMan 5.2 was used for data analysis.Results Eventually,7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or high-quality case-controlled studies involving 468 patients were included into this study.Meta-analysis showed LS reduced blood loss [WMD =214.67,95％ CI 198.74-230.60,P ＜ 0.01],shortened flatus time [WMD =17.72,95％ CI 12.39-23.04,P ＜ 0.01] and postoperative hospital stay [WMD =3.75,95％ CI 3.28-4.23,P ＜ 0.01],while the duration of surgery was shorter in OS (P ＞ 0.05).However,OS was comparable with LS in complication rates.Conclusions Comparing with OS,LS had the advantages of reducing intraoperative blood loss and shortening recovery time after operation.In patients with cirrhosis,portal hypertension and esophageal varices,laparoscopic splenectomy was safe and effective.