Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-related condition caused by interactions between genetics, immune dysfunction, gut microbiota changes, and environmental factors, often presenting as persistent or recurring diarrhea. Clinically, it commonly presents with chronic diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The global prevalence of IBD is increasing, currently affecting approximately 0.5% of the population, with projections suggesting a rise to nearly 1% by 2030. Fecal calprotectin is a neutrophil-derived S100 calcium-binding protein that is elevated in intestinal mucosal inflammation and serves as a reliable noninvasive biomarker of inflammatory activity. Due to its high stability and close association with intestinal inflammatory activity, fecal calprotectin has been established as a dependable, non-invasive marker for identifying intestinal inflammation. In clinical practice, it is extensively used to distinguish IBD from functional gastrointestinal disorders, especially irritable bowel syndrome, among patients presenting with chronic diarrhea. However, its diagnostic utility in Mongolia remains underexplored, and this study aims to determine its sensitivity and specificity in inflammatory bowel disease and compare its diagnostic performance with other inflammatory markers. Aim: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease and to compare it with other inflammatory markers. Materials and Methods: A total of 109 participants aged 18-87 years with chronic diarrhea, who attended the gastroenterology outpatient clinics of the Mongolia–Japan Hospital and Intermed Hospital between December 2024 and December 2025 and provided informed consent, were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and laboratory investigations included complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and measurement of fecal calprotectin levels from stool samples. Based on fecal calprotectin results, selected participants underwent colonoscopic examination as clinically indicated. Results: Among the 109 participants included in the study, 17.4% were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a mean age of 47.41±15.52 years. Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly higher in the IBD group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Fecal calprotectin demonstrated a weak positive correlation with C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count (p=0.042, p=0.06), while no significant correlation was observed with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). At a cutoff value of 250 µg/g, fecal calprotectin showed a sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 69.2%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 37.8%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.4%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified an optimal cutoff value of approximately 400 µg/g (AUC=0.919, Youden index=0.724), at which the sensitivity remained 94.4% and specificity increased to 78.0%. In contrast, CRP and ESR demonstrated comparatively lower diagnostic performance, with AUC values of 0.640 and 0.644, respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrates that fecal calprotectin has superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional inflammatory markers in differentiating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An optimal cutoff value of approximately 400 µg/g yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, fecal calprotectin may serve as a valuable tool in clinical practice for both screening and diagnostic confirmation.

Background: Social development due to fat, fast food, obesity and physical exercise depended on chronic cholecystitis and gallstones, still getting younger in recent years. Yaman Serdeg-3 is used in Mongolian Traditional Medicine for the liver and gallbladder and has been studied to support the excretion of bile. We have created a compound recipe, Yaman Serdeg-3 of Mongolia Traditional medicine, added Saussurea amara (L)DC herbal. Saussurea amara (L). DC is high in biologically active compounds, and pharmacology has investigated the bile-expelling action and the effects of the plant on cell growth. Chronic cholecystitis is a common chronic disease of the biliary tract in clinical patients. Symptoms can be seen in right upper abdominal cramps; some patients can be accompanied by abdominal muscle rigidity, the primary disease. It is caused by a large amount of bile blocking the patient’s gallbladder after the stone blocks the gallbladder duct. In the sac, induced acute cholecystitis was again caused by pathogenic factors to form the disease. Aim: Elucidating the effects of supplemental Yaman serdeg-3 in a gallbladder injury model. Materials and Methods: We received permission for animal experimentation from The Ethics Committee of Mongolia National University of Medical Sciences on the 10th of June 2022. The group created a model gallbladder disease with 0.5% a-naphthyl isothiocyanate [C11H7N5] dose (60 ml/kg), treatment with compound recipe Yaman Serdeg-3 (NYS-3) high dose (2.025 g/ml), medium dose (1.35g/ml), low dose (0.675g/ml), that used to compare URSO 250 (0.0042g/ml) for 21 days. The third group created a model liver disease with a 40% Carbon tetrachloride [CCl4] dose (4 ml/kg), treatment with compound recipe NYS-3 high dose (2.025 g/ml) and that was used to compare Hu gan pian (0.046g/ml) of China medicine for 21 days. Liver tissue pathological sections were collected quickly after blood collection in rats. The liver, stomach, and duodenum tissue on the right page were immersed in 10% neutral formalin and fixed for pathology. Histological examination: The fixed tissue was trimmed, dehydrated, embedded, and cut. After slides, HE staining, sealing, and other procedures, an optical microscope was used to observe. Results: In our study, the structure of the liver tissue cells in the high-dose group of Yaman serdeg-3 was preserved, the vessels had irregular blood vessels, and there was significant infiltration of chronic inflammation in the triple bypass. In this group, we divided the Yaman serged-3 into three groups: low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose. In the model group with liver tissue analysis, the low-dose and medium-dose groups had fewer chronic inflammatory cells in triads and interstitial cells. In contrast, the fact that the high-dose group of Yaman serdeg-3 showed sparse trigeminal and interstitial and very few chronic inflammatory cells indicates that our study met its objectives, and the tissue analysis showed that the high-dose group was more effective. Conclusion During the acute and toxic liver disease model in rats, the inflammation process in the liver cells was high, and watery changes and fatty changes damaged the liver tissue. It has been confirmed that traditional herbal medicine, Yaman serdeg-3, reduced protein and fatty tissue changes in the hepatocyte membrane and accelerated liver and biliary tract regeneration. Furthermore, our study has shown that Yaman serdeg-3 may have stimulated bile secretion dose-dependently and accelerated hepatocyte regeneration. Also, liver tissue analysis of the control group showed significant inflammation in the triad and interstitial cells; blood vessels were filled with blood, and cell structure was preserved. In contrast, the comparison drug group had significant triad inflammation and fewer inflammatory cells in the interstitial cells.

Probiotics are considered safe for all ages and anyone with a healthy functioning immune system. During antibiotic treatment, the normal intestinal microflora is destroyed and the normal balance is lost. This article reviews clinical trials of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is a unique, non-bacterial microorganism classified as a probiotic agent. The mechanism of action of probiotics is to attach to intestinal pathogens and their toxins and destroy them; It also destroys the toxic extracellular degradation products of pathogens and regenerates the intestinal mucosa by having an anti-inflammatory effect.

Introduction: Kidney disease is common in our country due to the four seasons and harsh climate. This article is discussed about the kidney health, causes, pathology and kidney on the relationship of other organs in traditional medicine. Methods: The study was processed using analysis and synthesis methods. Results:
1. The root nature of the five vital organs are included in the yang character organs which hot nature qualities in five elements. However, some of the five vital organs will be under the influence of that place, as they will be located in the place of the “badgan”, in the place of the “mkhris”, and in the place of the “rlung”.
2. Kidney disease is usually caused by falling from a height, hit and injured, lifting heavy things, jogging and twisting your back uncomfortably, sit for a long time in a damp place, water events excess, eating too sweets that are heavy and cold qualities. In medical practice, kidney disease is accompanied by heart disease and liver disease. Conclusion In according to traditional medicine main theory, kidneys are a solid vital organ that generates heat and warms the lower body because of the high blood flow through its, on the other hand they are cold character which are in the place of the “rlung”. The kidneys are functionally closely related to other organs therefore, to get sick the effects of disease on other organs.

Background: During the historical development of traditional medicine, many books and manuscripts have been written in Mongolian medicine. The main textbook of traditional medicine states that: “The size of a bone consists of 23 bone species, 28 spinal joints, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, and 360 pieces of bone.”
However, modern medicine estimates that the human body has 206 bones. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the source material of traditional medicine, including the structure of the human body, and the number of bones in the modern medical anatomy textbook. Purpose: Details of the number of bones in the human body in the “Four Medical Tantras” (རྒྱུད་བཞི) of traditional medicine and its commentary, as well as compare with the number of bones in the basic textbook of anatomy of modern medicine. Objectives: In order to successfully implement the research objectives, the following objectives will be implemented. These include:
1. Sampling and analyzing number of bones from traditional medicine;
2. Sampling and analyzing bone numbers from modern medical textbooks;
3. Compare the names and numbers of bones in traditional medicine and modern medicine Results: The number, classification and features of human bones were analyzed from the main scriptures of traditional medicine such as “Explanatory Tantra”, of the “Four Medical Tantras” and the “Legs bshad gser gyi thur ma” by Blo-bzang-chos-grags. In addition, the number of bones in the human body was sampled from modern medical textbooks and prepared for comparison. The number and characteristics of bones in the human body were compared by traditional medicine and modern medicine and made a conclusion.
This study reveals that the foundations for the integrated development of traditional medicine were laid long ago in Mongolian medicine. In addition, to highlight the book “Four Medical Tantras”, which is the basis of the textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of scientists and scholars, which is considered in Mongolian mamba datsan’s contribution to the science of human anatomy. The importance of this research is to change the extremes of Western medicine and traditional medicine and increase opportunities to use its introduction and development into training and clinical practice. Conclusion
1. The main creature of body structure in traditional medicine is the “Four Medical Tantras” which generally assumes that the numbers of bones are 360 but does not specify it in detail. During the research, we identified 357 bone names to identify each bone. The names and locations of the three bones were not clearly marked in the medical sources.
2. The numbers of bones are 206 in modern medical textbooks. We recalculated 151 bones based on traditional medical sources without duplication of that.
3. Compared to traditional medicine and modern medicine, the number of bones and are higher than 154 bone names in traditional medicine because we included the number of teeth, small bones in the ears and small bones in the fingers and toes. Some cartilage was also counted as bones.

Introduction: Traditional Mongolian medicine contents a whole idea of preventive medicine. Traditional Mongolian medicine main theory is “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” which is composed human body. These elements confirm human healthy during metabolite balance but when any of these lacks or exists in an excessive amount, then there is an illness. Understanding on the theory “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” by modern medicine there are called cell universal regulation system.[1] A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components of “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” even vastly different metabolic pathways. Human has own Rlung-Mkhris Badgan`s portion differently when they were born, during all life must obey their attribute manner. There are seven individualities which expressed human characters.
Furthermore in traditional Mongolian medicine have richness experience of concerning with three elements unbalanced time to come disease early diagnosis and remedy them effectively. Accordingly organic body must adaption four seasons` biological accommodation and follow up four seasons` suitable food technology and climate condition. Purpose:
1. To determine human characteristic types by traditional Mongolian medicine main theory.
2. To suggest healthy live advice for people who participate randomized in preventive medical examination by used modern and traditional medical diagnostic methods. Method: Biomedicine and Clinical Pharmacy Department doctor teachers were organized “Healthy life starts every day right habit” topic preventive medical examination for all students of Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences 09-29 days of September, 2016. Participant by diagnosed medical basic physical examination methods and filled out questionnaire in human characteristics based traditional Mongolian medicine main theory. Results: There had 513 participants, 29 of them were “rlung” characteristic personality, 26 of “mkhris” characteristic personality, 22 of them “badgan” characteristic personality, 163 of them “rlung and mkhris” combined characteristics, 118 of them “rlung and badgan” combined characteristics”, 68 of them “Badgan and Mkhris” combined characteristics, 87 of them were composite characteristic personalities. Conclusion
1. Determined 85% of participants are respectively combined and composed types of characteristic personalities, and these participants supposed to be better metabolism balance. Determined 15% of participants are one element dominantly personalities.
2. We made a Healthy Life Guidance depending on human characteristics.

BACKGROUND. Uterine cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. In our country, cervical cancer is second most common cancer in women. Uterine cervical smear (Papanicolaou test) remains an effective and widely used method for early detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Since 2002, the cervical smear was introduced to the clinical practice of our country. However, there is no study to performed external quality assurance of cervical smear until now. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We selected 20 glass slides of uterine cervical smear, the diagnosis was approved by histopathology. Each chosen slides were evaluated by four cytologists of A, B, C, D hospitals with hidden clinical information, independently. RESULTS. The sensitivity of A, B, C and D hospitals were 87.5%, 93.3%, 93.3%, and 93.3%, respectively. The specificity of A, B, C and D hospitals was 85.7%, 85.7%, 75%, and 66.6%, respectively. The diagnostic concordance of A, B, C and D was 70%, 75%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. The agreement of cytological diagnosis was moderate (kappa = 0.55), moderate (kappa = 0.43), fair (kappa = 0.37), and fair (kappa = 0.33) in A, B, C, and D hospitals, respectively. CONCLUSION: The external quality assurance in cytopathology is needed in Mongolia. The diagnostic concordance method would be applicable in our country to improve diagnostic agreement.

Thyroid nodular lesions are the common clinical problem in the world. A variety of tests have been employed to separate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. These tests include isotope scanning and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Our research was based on the fact that the comparison of FNAC and thyroid isotope scan in thyroid nodule was not researched in Mongolia. Therefore, we want to evaluate the specimen adequacy of FNAC, and compare its result to thyroid isotope scanning in patients with thyroid nodule. The research was conducted on archive materials of FNAC and thyroid isotope scanning of patients with thyroid nodule who were treated in surgical department of The First Central Hospital from 2012 to 2015, and the statistic analyze was done by using SPSS 20 under the auspices of School of Pharmacy and Bio-Medicine,Department of pathology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. We have collected the FNAC of 807 patients, including 34 patients (4.2%) were males and 773 patients (95.8%) were females. FNA cytology results were interpreted as benign in 495 cases (61.3%), follicular lesion of undetermined significance in 31 cases (3.8%), follicular neoplasm in 9 cases (1.1%) suspicious in 17 cases (2.1%), malignant in 3 cases (0.4%), and unsatisfactory in 252 cases (31%). We have got the result of thyroid isotope scanning of 43 (5.32%) patients out of 807 cases. On thyroid scan, 18 patients (41.9%) having cold nodule were labeled as suspicious for malignancy, 25 patients (58.1%) had hot nodule. The FNA diagnosis of 25 patients with a hot nodule following: 1 patient (4%) with neoplasm, 17 patients (68%) with benign results, 6 patients (24%) had non-diagnostic. The FNA diagnosis of 18 patients (41.9%) with cold nodule following: 1 patient (5.5%) with follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 10 patient (55.5%) with benign, 5 patient (27.7%) with non-diagnostic, 2 patient (11.1%) had malignant. The FNAC results were interpreted as benign in 495 cases (61.3%), malignant in 3 cases (0.4%), and unsatisfactory in 252 cases (31%). Two patients out of 18 patients with cold nodule diagnosed as malignancy by FNAC. The sensitivity and specificity of thyroid isotope scanning was 96% and 16.6%, respectively.

Although stomach cancer immunohistochemistry is similar tothe immunohistochemistry of other organ, it has great impact on diagnosis and treatment, such as its ability to reveal whether the cancer is primary or metastatic and which treatment model would be more effective in individual case. Lately, CK7, CK20 and CDX-2 immunohistochemical markers are commonly used in stomach cancers. Stomach cancer prognosis is different in each patient, depending on several factors, patients’ health status, cancer cell differentiation, and cancer cell growth. To evaluate these factors,immunohistochemic al analysis is more effective and for this purpose they use Ki-67, CD 34, BCL-2, p53, Cyclin D1, andHer- 2 markers.The evaluation of HER-2 expression should be carefully carried out, as following: 1. HER-2 expression should be evaluated on minimum 5 positive stained cells. The evaluation criteria aremicroscopic magnification and cytoplasmic membrane-stained pattern. 2. Other than the membrane-stained pattern must be excluded. HER2 gene evaluation (FISH) can confirm the HER2 IHCexpression. 3. Usage of FDA approved antibody (4B5) has the advantageof increased sensitivity. 4. The algorithm for the evaluation of HER-2 expression used for breast cancer has 50% possibility of false negativity if it is used for stomach cancer. Therefore, it is needed to beevaluated with another specific algorithm. Because HER-2 2+ and 3+ cases can improve outcome with usingTrastizumab treatment.

Background: The intraoperative smear cytology (squash preparation) is fairly accurate, simple, reliabletool for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies [1]. In the early 1930s, Dr Eisenhardtand Cushing introduced intraoperative cytological investigations for rapid examination of neurosurgicalspecimens and guidance of surgical treatment [2]. Besides rapid decision making during neurosurgicalprocedures, it is also to be ensured that minimum injury is caused to the normal brain structuressurrounding the intracranial neoplasm. It has become necessary for pathologists to train themselves inthe interpretation of cytomorphological features of various central nervous system lesion and used inmany neurosurgical units of all over the world [3]. Thus, to begin doing intraoperative squash cytology inour practice is the aim of this study.Aim: To study the diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis of centralnervous system tumorsMaterials and Methods: The material for this study was obtained from 30 cases of nervous systemneoplasms sent for intraoperative consultation from State Third Central Hospital, Shashtin to the thirdsection of National Center for Pathology between 7th of November 2013 to 28th of March 2014. Squashpreparation was performed on all cases and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diagnosis given onsquash cytology was then compared with final diagnosis given on paraffin-embedded sections.Results: Of total 30 cases of primary central nervous system tumors, neuroepithelial tumors are thelargest category of tumors (50%). The accuracy of squash cytology was 82.1%.Conclusion: This is the first study in our country where intra-operative squash cytology in brain tumorwas done and diagnostic accuracy was 82.1% as very good category. There were 4 cases had diagnosticdiscrepancy.