Background: Herbal teas are rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatobiliary supportive properties. Despite their long-standing use in Mongolian traditional medicine for liver and gallbladder health, comprehensive scientific data regarding the specific chemical composition and antioxidant activities of these polyherbal formulations remain limited. Aim: To evaluate the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of a polyherbal tea formulation for supporting liver and gallbladder function, with a focus on the influence of solvent concentration. Materials and Methods: The study utilized a polyherbal tea consisting of five plant species: Achillea asiatica Serg., Thalictrum foetidum L., Zygophyllum potaninii Maxim., Tanacetum vulgare L., and Rheum undulatum L. Samples were extracted using 30% and 70% ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured via the AlCl3 colorimetric assay. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS+ and FRAP assays. Results: Phytochemical screening identified flavonoid derivatives, glycosides, and terpenoids in both extracts, while alkaloids were not detected. Quantitative analysis showed that the 70% ethanolic extract contained significantly higher levels of total phenolics (5.518±0.24%) and total flavonoids (1.513±0.023) compared to the 30% extract (p < 0.05). The 70% extract also demonstrated superior antioxidant potency, with lower (IC50) values for DPPH (55.37 µg/mL) and ABTS (86.08 µg/mL). Additionally, the FRAP assay confirmed the 70% extract had substantially higher reducing power (1440.84 µM Fe²⁺/L). Conclusions 1. Phytochemical analysis confirmed that the polyherbal tea is primarily composed of flavonoid derivatives, glycosides, and terpenoids. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the 70% ethanolic extract were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the 30% extract. 2. The free radical scavenging activity evaluated by DPPH (IC50) 55.37 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50) 86.08 µg/mL) assays indicated that the 70% ethanolic extract possesses markedly stronger antioxidant activity compared to the 30% extract. 3. The iron ion reducing power (FRAP: 1440.84 µM/L) showed a concentration-dependent linear relationship. The positive correlation between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity confirms that this herbal formulation has a scientific basis for its traditional use in supporting liver and gallbladder function.

Background: Congenital syphilis is a serious infection transmitted from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy, potentially leading to adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, or neonatal death. The global COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have posed significant challenges not only to individuals but also to national socio-economic systems, adversely affecting the quality and accessibility of healthcare services. Aim: This study aimed to compare the incidence of congenital syphilis in Mongolia during the pre-COVID-19 period (2016–2020) and the post-COVID-19 period (2021–2025). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data from all 361 registered cases of congenital syphilis between 2016 and 2025 were included in the analysis. Results: The incidence of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births decreased from 65.8 in 2016–2020 to 34.5 in 2021–2025, representing a 47.6% reduction (RR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.42–0.66, p<0.001). Overall, 67% of cases were concentrated in Ulaanbaatar. The proportion of cases among mothers aged 15–19 years increased from 11.5% to 21.3%, and the majority of mothers had completed secondary education. Conclusion Although the incidence of congenital syphilis declined significantly following the COVID-19 pandemic, 13.0% of pregnant women receiving antenatal care did not undergo serological testing. This underscores the need to strengthen surveillance and reporting systems and to implement continuous education and awareness programs, particularly targeting young women and mothers.

Background: Congenital syphilis is an infection caused by transplacental transmission of Treponema pallidum from mother to fetus and remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Clinically, it is a multisystem disease with manifestations resembling those of TORCH infections and may also occur as a co-infection with these pathogens. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 28-year-old woman with a prior history of syphilis who had been treated and followed up, presenting with preterm delivery at 31–32 weeks of gestation during her third pregnancy. The neonate subsequently died due to complications associated with a concomitant perinatal infection. Conclusion Early screening during pregnancy, appropriate follow-up, identification of reinfection, and timely treatment remain key strategies for reducing the burden of congenital syphilis.

Background: Children with developmental disabilities benefit from support in motor skills, sensory processing, cognitive development, and social skills. Mongolia has trained occupational therapists for a decade, with 37% specializing in pediatrics, but long-term therapy facilities remain limited. Aim: This study provides a case report on a child with developmental disabilities who received occupational therapy to evaluate improvements in sensory processing, social communication, and daily living skills. Materials and Methods: The study participants were purposively selected from children undergoing occupational therapy at the “Enerel” Child Development Center. Participant A is a 16-year-old male with hearing and speech impairments, as well as an intellectual disability. The initial assessment showed poor sensory processing and behavioral problems and communication difficulties. A tailored program incorporating sensory-based therapies, communication cards, and sign language was developed with caregiver collaboration. Occupational therapy was conducted five times weekly for 11 weeks. Pre and post test assessments included goal attainment scaling (GAS) and Sensory profile 2 (Child). Results: The participant showed improved communication using cards and sign language, better emotional regulation, enhanced sensory processing, and reduced hyperactivity to external stimuli. Goal Achievement (GAS) +2, meaning the goal was achieved better than expected and positive changes were found on the Sensory profile 2, with large effect sizes. Conclusion The study found that sensory- based occupational therapy and sign language training improved occupational performance and goal achievement in children with sensory, behavioral, and communication difficulties.

Background: Accreditation of healthcare institutions serves as a fundamental mechanism for ensuring patient safety and validating the quality of medical services provided to the population. At Intermed Hospital, a quality measurement system for healthcare services has been established since 2015, encompassing 126 quality indicators at both institutional and departmental levels. This system facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts. In this context, quality indicators specific to the endoscopy department play a pivotal role in objectively assessing the quality of endoscopic services. Aim: To assess the quality indicators in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted by collecting data from the Intermed hospital’s electronic information systems which included HIS and PACS and Quality and Safety Department’s Database and the results were processed using the SPSS software. Ethical approval was granted by the Intermed hospital’s Scientific research committee. The quality of endoscopic services in the Intermed hospital was assessed based on: a) the average values of four quality indicators measured monthly; b) sample survey data from five categories of quality indicators. Results : Between 2016 and 2024, the quality indicators of the endoscopy unit measured as the level of early warning score evaluations for patients was 95.97%±3.33, the level of cases where peripheral blood oxygen saturation decreased during sedation was 1.54%±3.78, the level of cases where patients experienced paradoxiical response during sedation was 5.82%±1.75, surveillance culturing level for validation of endoscopy reprocessing was 11.6%. The endoscopic documentation quality by peer review showed 95.7-100%, the colonoscopy quality indicators were followings as adenoma detection rate: 24.5% Cecal intubation rate: 99.1%, 95.2%, Colonoscope withdrawal average time: 13.28±10.62 minutes, Bowel preparation quality (Boston Scale): 89.3% 95.7%), patient discharge from the recovery room, Average discharge time post-procedure: With propofol alone: 30.92 minutes; With propofol and fentanyl combined: 31.52 minutes, The intermediate risk was 0.28% by the TROOPS evaluation during procedural sedation. Conclusion The quality benchmark levels for these endoscopic units, as determined by a single-center study, can be effectively implemented by benchmark endoscopy centers to enhance their quality and safety operations.

Background: Pregnancy induces multiple physiological, metabolic, and immunological alterations that increase susceptibility to infections, often necessitating antibiotic therapy. Evaluating the rational use of antibiotics among pregnant women is crucial for optimizing antimicrobial stewardship at the hospital level, improving clinical pharmacy services, and reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Aim: To assess the rational use of antibiotics, including indication, selection, dosage, and treatment duration—among hospitalized pregnant women in the Department of High-Risk Pregnancy and the Department of Preterm Birth at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using a specifically designed data collection form to assess antibiotic use among inpatients at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29.0. Results: A total of 348 pregnant inpatients were included, with a mean age of 31.6 ± 6.9 years. The mean length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the Department of Preterm Birth (12.5 ± 5.0 days) compared to the Department of High-Risk Pregnancy (5.9 ± 2.0 days; p < 0.001). The indications for antibiotic use were therapeutic in 39.1%, prophylactic in 33.0%, and unspecified in 21.3% of cases. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic regimen was a combination of β-lactams and metronidazole (29%). While the dosing of cefazolin and cefotaxime was largely appropriate, notable dosing discrepancies were observed in the dosing of ampicillin and azithromycin. Based on the U.S. FDA pregnancy risk classification, among a total of 762 antibiotic prescriptions, 87.0% belonged to category B, 8.8% to category C, and 4.2% to category D, with no significant variation across trimesters (p = 0.695). Conclusion The assessment of antibiotic use among hospitalized pregnant women at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health revealed that 39.1% of the prescriptions were therapeutic, 33.0% were prophylactic, and 21.3% lacked a clear indication for use. β-lactam antibiotics were the most commonly used agents, frequently combined with metronidazole. Based on the FDA classification system, 87% of the prescribed antibiotics belonged to category B, 8.8% to category C, and 4.2% to category D. These findings indicate inappropriate antibiotic use and insufficient implementation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Therefore, strict adherence to antibiotic stewardship programs and strengthening of clinical pharmacy services are necessary to improve antibiotic use practices.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.

Background: We aimed to study the etiology and transmission route of diseases introducing the modern, rapid and high-sensitivity molecular genetic diagnostic methods for salmonellosis. Material and Method: In the study, we collected 680 stool samples and defined organisms of food intoxication by identification of bacteria, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determined serotype and antibiotic resistance. Result: Salmonella spp was detected from the stool of 25 (42.3%) patients out of 59 outpatient clinic and of 170 (27.4%) patients out of 621 inpatient clinic with diagnosis of food intoxication. In total there was detected 195 salmonella spp, and out of this isolated Sal. typhimurum in 193 (98.9%), and Sal. enteritidis was in 2 (1.1%) patients, respectively. We defined Sal. typhimurum in selected 32 cultures and did not detect resistant gene DT-104 ACS-SuT by PCR. Conclusion As resulted in the survey, we defined 195 (28,6) Salmonella typhimurum among the 680 patients who were suffered from food intoxication, and revealed fast foods, animal derived foods such as chicken, fish caused the food intoxication. Sal. typhimurium not resistance to antibiotics.

BACKGROUND. Heart failure is the leading cause of the death among non-communicable diseases. Heart failure is a fatal disease that once its clinical symptoms appeared, five years of survival rate is 50-75%. Chronic heart failures are the main risk factors arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia Thus, early diagnosis before its symptoms are presented and treatment with close monitoring is the most rational and effective approach for decreasing heart failure diseases and deaths caused by it. OBJECTIVE. To determine the level of NT-pro BNP in people with high risk of chronic heart failure and assess its results. METHODS. We conducted hospital-based descriptive study at State Second Central Hospital and Bayanzurkh District Medical Center. Total of 100 participants aged from 35 to 64 who had no symptom of chronic heart failure however with high risk were recruited in this study. Based on the document entitled “Heart failure prevention 2008” of the American Heart Association, old age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attack and obesity were considered as higher risks of heart failure. Risk factors of heart failure were estimated by questionnaire and physical examination. The level of NT-pro BNP in plasma was determined using FIA8000 analyzer. According to the guideline produced by the European Society of Cardiology in 2016, result of the testing is considered “positive” when NT-pro BNP is higher than 125 pg/ml. Risk factors of chronic heart failure were studied in comparison with two groups which were NT-pro BNP positive and negative results and their statistically significant difference were determined. RESULTS. Of 87 participants, 51 (51%) were female and 49(49%) were male. Half of the participants (51%) were aged between 55-64. Arterial hypertension was determined in 88% of the participant, 38% were overdose drink of alcohol, therefore 55% were 1,2,3 levels obesity and 36% were diabetic. When determining the NT-pro BNP level, in 34 cases (34%) were positive. Hence, 31% of the people with arterial hypertension, 9% of the people overdose drink with alcohol, 20% of the people with obesity, 12% of the people with diabetes showed positive results of NT-pro BNP. When studying the risk factors of chronic heart failure of the compared two groups of NT-pro BNP positive and negative results, statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was increased of the with arterial hypertension and obesity. CONCLUSION. NT-pro BNP is the arterial hypertension and obesity which is increasing for people compared to the other risking factors

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for >17 million deaths globally each year and this figure is expected to grow to 23.6 million by 2030. According to the WHO report, one-third of ischemic heart disease is attributable to high cholesterol. There have been some claims that the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), which is the logarithmic transformation of the just-mentioned ratio (TG/HDL-C), could be used as a significant predictor of atherosclerosis, and CVD as well. Thus, we aimed to study the relationship between AIP and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: The cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted including 117 participants aged between 40-72 years old without cardiovascular symptoms were recruited from Second General Hospital. After filled consent form, participants’ habits of smoking, alcohol usage, obesity, arterial hypertension and sedentary lifestyle were assessed through a structured questionnaire and physical examination. By using fully automated open-system analyzer, determinations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) three times and glucose twice were performed simultaneously and then their averages were calculated. At least one abnormal lipid level was considered as “dyslipidemia”. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated as the logarithmically transformed ratio of molar concentrations of TG to HDL-C. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22. RESULTS: Of total 117 participants ranging 40-72 years old, 45.3% were male and 54.7% were female with mean age 53.6±0.79. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, 63.8% were physically inactive, 32.48% were smokers, 47% were alcohol user, 48% were hypertensive, and 18.26% were diabetic. The mean values plus standard error of lipid components were 195.5±6.09 mg/dL in cholesterol, 181.25±27.36 mg/dL in triglycerides, 60.6±1.39 mg/dL in HDL-C, 138.5±3.74 mg/dL in LDL-C, 6.27±0.26 mmol/L in fasting glucose. The dyslipidemia was detected in 54.7% of total participants and mean level of AIP was 0.33±0.03 (min=-0.52; max=1.51). The mean levels of 10 year and lifetime risk were 6.25±0.63% (min=0.2; max=33.5) and 43±1.53% (min=7.5; max=69), respectively. AIP had weak correlations with gender, smoking, anti-hypertensive drug usage, aspirin usage, 10 year and lifetime risks of CVD, hypertension, fasting glucose, body mass index, and dyslipidemia (0.2