Background: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been investigated as a potential genetic determinant of hypertension; however, evidence in the Mongolian population remains limited. Aim: To determine the distribution of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and investigate its association with arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted between October 2018 and November 2019. A total of 150 participants aged 20–64 years were included, comprising 100 patients with AH and 50 normotensive controls. AH was defined as blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using questionnaires and physical examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the ACE I/D polymorphism in intron 16 was determined using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between ACE genotypes and AH were assessed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Among the 150 participants, 64 (42.7%) were male, and the mean age was 44.2±11.7 years. The frequencies of the II, ID, and DD genotypes were 44.0%, 39.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. No significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between males and females. The frequencies of ID, DD, and II genotypes in the hypertensive and control groups were 39.0% vs. 40.0% (p=0.906), 14.0% vs. 22.0% (p=0.215), and 47.0% vs. 38.0% (p=0.295), respectively. The D-allele frequency was 0.33 in the hypertensive group and 0.42 in the control group, with no statistically significant difference. Participants with AH were older and had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, salt intake, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure compared with controls. Conclusion 1. The I allele of the ACE gene was predominant in the studied Mongolian population. 2. Neither the ACE I/D genotype nor the D allele was significantly associated with arterial hypertension. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including older age, excess body weight, abdominal obesity, high salt intake, and inappropriate alcohol consumption, showed stronger associations with hypertension in this population.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with HPV genotypes 16 and 18 classified as high-risk types. In Mongolia, HPV testing has been increasingly implemented in recent years, alongside updates to the national screening program. These developments highlight the need for additional testing approaches to encourage regular participation in the national screening program, improve diagnostic accuracy, and facilitate timely treatment planning. These considerations provided the rationale for this study. Aim: To detect HPV infection in cervical samples collected by healthcare professionals and vaginal samples self-collected by women, determine the concordance between the test results, and evaluate the feasibility of self-sampling for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A total of 206 women aged 25–68 years participated in the study. Two types of samples for HPV testing and one sample for PAP smear were collected from the participants. 14 high-risk of HPV genotypes were classified into three groups, and cytological findings were evaluated according to the 2014 Bethesda System. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 30.0. Results: The concordance between the two sampling methods for HPV detection kappa was 0.949. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 50 women (35.2%) among the participants with available test results. Cytological abnormalities were identified in 51% of women who tested positive for HPV. Conclusion Self-sampling is a reliable method for HPV detection, demonstrating good concordance with healthcare professional-collected cervical samples. It has considerable potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage and improve access to screening, particularly in geographically remote areas.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne infectious disease that, if left untreated, can lead to chronic infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Mongolia, the prevalence of HCV is relatively high, posing significant public health concerns. In alignment with the global goal to eliminate hepatitis B and C by 2030, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, genotype distribution, and associated risk factors of HCV infection among the general population in Arkhangai province, Mongolia. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among the relatively healthy population of Arkhangai Province and to study its genotypes and risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, enrolling 2,304 individuals aged 0–80 years. Participants completed a structured questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for anti-HCV and HBsAg testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the central laboratory of the provincial hospital. Serum from anti-HCV positive individuals was preserved at –80°C and transported to Ulaanbaatar for HCV RNA quantification via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and genotyping through molecular diagnostics. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Results: A total of 2,304 individuals from the provincial center and 8 soums participated in the study, of whom 57.8% were female. The overall HCV seroprevalence was 12.0%, with chronic HCV infection confirmed in 7.16%. Among patients with chronic HCV, genotype 1b was identified in 98.2% of cases. Risk factor analysis revealed statistically significant associations between HCV infection and undergoing cosmetic procedures, receiving injections in non-medical settings, cupping therapy, and sharing shaving equipment. Conclusion This study HCV seroprevalence of 12.0% among the relatively healthy population in Arkhangai province, with genotype 1b detected in 98.2% of chronic HCV cases. The following risk factors were found to be independently associated with HCV infection: undergoing cosmetic procedures (OR: 2.3), cupping therapy (OR: 1.7), receiving nonmedical injections (OR: 2.4), and sharing shaving tools (OR: 1.5) (p<0.001)

Background: Type 2 diabetes has increased risk of heart failure 2-4 times more than those in non-diabetic subjects. The early detection of asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction by using NT-pro BNP test in diabetic patients is the best strategy for decreasing morbidity and mortality of heart failure. Aim: The aims of this study were to detect asymptomatic cardiac ventricular dysfunction by using NT-pro BNP test in subjects with type 2 diabetes and to define the factors associated with elevated NT-proBNP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was included diabetic and non diabetic subjects aged from 35- to 64 years, who had no clinical symptoms of heart failure. Cardiovascular risk factors were detected by clinical examinations. NT-pro BNP determination was performed on an immunoassay analyzer (FIA1100, Getein Bio Medical Inc, China), which uses reagent strip to obtain quantitative NT-pro BNP results in plasma. The cut-off point for NT-pro BNP was 300 pg/ml. Results: A total of 536 subjects without clinical symptoms of heart failure were included in the study of which, 150 were diabetic and 386 were non diabetic. The mean age was 52.8 ± 7.8 years and 281 (52.4%) were females. Cardiac ventricular dysfunction was detected in 7.3% of diabetic and 5.2% of non diabetic subjects. Cardiac ventricular dysfunction in diabetic subjects was increased with age and non-significantly higher in females than in males (8.3% vs 6.4%, p>0.05). In the logistic regression analysis, uncontrolled hypertension (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.07–13.44), long duration of disease (OR 5.30, 95% CI 1.36-20.66), and ageing (OR 5.40, 95% CI 1.29–22.88) were significantly correlated cardiac ventricular dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Cardiac ventricular dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes was detected 1.4 times more than those in non diabetic subjects. The likelihood of positive NT-pro BNP test in subjects with type 2 diabetes was independently (p<0.05) associated with advanced age, uncontrolled hypertension and long duration of diabetes.

BACKGROUND. Previous retrospective study from our team showed that RDW significantly increased in chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was to compare the value of RDW-CV with NT-pro BNP and evaluate sensitivity and specificity of RDW for diagnose of heart failure. MATEREALS AND METHOD. Here, we analyzed 20 patients who were suffering from heart failure and were treated in the department of Cardiology, First Clinical Hospital between in June 2017. All patients in the study group were underwent a complete blood count, immunoassay for NT-proBNP. The ejection fraction was analyzed by ECHO cardiograpy. RESULTS. 85.0% of patients were male and remained was female. RBC and RDW was significantly differentially measured in between CHF groups (р= 0.028 p=0.0001). In control groups without heart failure NT-proBNP was estimated up to 100 pg/ml, whereas it was definitelly increased in patient with CHF (р=0.0001). There was strong correlation between RDW and NT-proBNP (r =0.846, p=0.0001). sensitivity and specificity of RDW was 89%, and 74.3 % respectively in CHF. CONCLUSION. According to the our results there was direct correlation between RDW-CV and heart failure (p=0.035). RDW-CV migh be cost effective and routine laboratoty marker to evaulate CHF.

Introduction: According to the statistical data of health organization 43% of all diseases and 60% of all deaths are due to chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Many factors contribute to the wide spread of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)1. As defined in the World Health Report 2002, many common risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol use, overweight, raised blood pressure, raised total cholesterol levels and blood sugar are the most prevalent risk factors among the world population. In conclusion, the Mongolian NCD STEPs survey of 2006 revealed that 9 in every 10 people had at least one risk factors for developing NCDs. One in every 5 people had three and more risk factors for developing NCD3. However, partial studies of NCDs, which are dominant in Mongolia, had been conducted previously; the possibilities of wide use of the results are limited and those studies covered only adult people. So it is very important to evaluate knowledge about nutrition and food, tendency and practical experience about life style, activity of motion and use of food among the children.Objective: The goal of the study was to determine the prevalence of risk factors for NCDs among schoolchildren and to develop recommendation and suggestion for prevention of non communicable diseases.Materials and Methods: The survey covered 1504 students, studying in 20 middle and high schools, which are located 5 districts of UB, and was conducted by cross-sectional methods using questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (height, weight and BMI).Results and Conclusion: 31.3% of surveyed population did not consume any serving size of fruits per day, 68.7% consumed less than 5 serving sizes. The second common source of fat was fatty meat and butter. The prevalence of tobacco use was 6.1% of the surveyed population. School children do sedentary work, which has low energy consumption, after class. They watch TV for 3.53±1.24 hours and work on computer 2.83±1.07 hours a day. Percentage of the students who involved in some kind of sports activities is 71.2%, whereas 28.8% of them do not do any physical exercise. The reason why they do not participate in sports activities was determined as follows: do not have enough free time 37.2%, do not like sports 5.3%, due to high fees 35.1%, and inconvenient locations of sport facilities 18.2%. Although the laws, resolutions and regulations, supporting public sports are enough, the structure and action of the units that implement, evaluate and control these laws and regulations are weak.