Introduction: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Methods & Materials: “Gjes bsdus snying nor”. We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison and theoretical analysis methods.
The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like “sleeplessness”, “reduced sleep” and “light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the primary disease of insomnia:
1. Sleeplessness is mentioned among the common symptoms of wind disease, wind palpitation and bone marrow wind, heart wind and lung wind diseases also respectively present with symptoms of reduced sleep.
2. Heat Tri-pa and heart Tri-pa disease can lead to reduced sleep.
3. Mugpo spreads to the heart, it can cause sleeplessness.
4. Deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat etc. can present with symptoms such as reduced sleep and light sleep.
5. Wind induced diabetes can also cause reduced sleep.
6. Palpitations and rheumatic heart disease can cause symptoms of reduced sleep.
7. Trichomoniasis can also lead to symptoms of reduced sleep.
These underlying diseases have both similar symptoms and differences, and they need to be differentiated. Conclusion According to our research, the syndrome types of insomnia include wind, Tri-pa, mugpo and microorganisms. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation, combining the treatment of the underlying disease with hypnotherapy.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the feasibility of integrating modern technology into traditional medicine hot compress therapy. In Mongolian traditional medicine, hot compress therapy is a widely used method for effectively treating cold-related disorders and for improving blood circulation and metabolism. A variety of traditional materials are commonly employed, including salt, river stones, wall-growing moss, soil from rodent burrows, pigeon droppings, and oil residues. Methods: Using descriptive and literature-based research methods, these materials were systematically reviewed and summarized, with particular attention to the characteristics of traditional heating techniques. In parallel, the applicability of modern heating technologies such as electric heating wires, plug-in heating devices, silver-coated thermal insulation materials, and soft containment pouches—was experimentally evaluated for use in hot compress therapy. Conclusion The results demonstrated that combining traditional hot compress materials with modern heating devices can enhance safety, ease of use, and thermal stability. In conclusion, integrating traditional hot compress therapy with modern technology has significant potential to improve therapeutic efficacy, facilitate the development of standardized treatment protocols, and promote broader clinical application in practice.

Introduction: Mongolian traditional medicine classifies individuals according to innate constitutional types determined by the balance of Khi (wind), Shar (bile), and Badgan (phlegm). These constitutional categories are believed to influence both physiological and cognitive characteristics, including memory function. In contrast, contemporary cognitive psychology explains memory performance through mechanisms such as attention, information processing, and memory consolidation. Investigating the relationship between constitutional types and memory performance may provide an integrative framework that bridges traditional medical theory with modern cognitive science. Methods: A total of 244 undergraduate students voluntarily participated in the study. Constitutional types were identified using a questionnaire developed on the basis of the classical text The Four Medical Tantras. Memory performance was assessed in accordance with the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory and included measures of comprehension time, comprehension level, and long-term memory retention. Long-term memory retention was evaluated three days after the initial assessment and was expressed as a percentage of retained information.
The findings were interpreted descriptively at an observational level, as inferential statistical analyses were not conducted. Results: Students with a dominant Badgan constitution demonstrated relatively slower comprehension but more stable and higher long-term memory retention. Those with a dominant Shar constitution exhibited faster comprehension and higher immediate understanding, but comparatively lower long-term memory retention.
In contrast, students with a dominant Khi constitution showed greater variability and instability in both comprehension and long-term memory performance. Conclusion The findings suggest that constitutional types may be associated with distinct patterns of comprehension and long-term memory performance. The observed trends appear broadly consistent with theoretical descriptions in Mongolian traditional medicine; however, further studies employing larger sample sizes and rigorous statistical analyses are necessary to confirm and clarify these associations.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian traditional medicine (MTM) has historical roots in Indian Ayurvedic and Tibetan medical systems. The Four Medical Tantras significantly influenced MTM’s education, theory, and practice. Disease classifications within the Four Medical Tantras have long been foundational for diagnosis, treatment, and teaching.
Mongolian scholar Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan expanded the Four Medical Tantras’ classification system in his seminal work, A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan. This study compares disease classifications from this work with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) specific to Traditional Medicine (TM). Goal: To analyze and compare the disease classifications in A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan with ICD-10 TM classifications, providing detailed insights. Methods: The study utilized the following materials:
• Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan.
• ICD-10 classifications of diseases. Research methods included source study, comparative analysis, and systematic categorization. Results: Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan authored four volumes comprising 79 sections and 220 chapters, detailing 404 diseases classified by “place,” “cause,” “nature,” and “root.” While aligned with the Four Medical Tantras, his classifications offer deeper specificity, such as diseases caused by combinations of the five vital energies (wind, bile, phlegm, etc.).
This study focused on 101 diseases classified by “place” and 101 by “cause” for comparison. The ICD-10 TM classification system organizes diseases into 15 segments based on diagnostic criteria and etiology. A comparative analysis of the 202 diseases from Lama Gegeen’s text revealed alignment and divergence in categorization principles. Conclusion Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation” (1639–1704), written in Tibetan, provides an extensive classification of 404 diseases. While the ICD-10 TM system organizes diseases into 15 categories with etiology-based diagnostics, it lacks the detailed elaboration found in Lama Gegeen’s work. Integrating these classification systems could enhance diagnostics, treatment strategies, and research in traditional medicine.

Introduction: Researchers Herbert Schwabl and Cecile Vennos highlight Tibetan medicine’s significance, noting that Gabur-25 was registered in Switzerland as Padma-28 in 1977. This formula is used internationally for improving blood circulation and treating heart pain, limb numbness, skin discoloration, ulcers, chronic inflammation, tinnitus, and dizziness. The primary ingredient in Padma-28 is Gabur-25.
The framework “Mkhan Chen Chos Kyi Rgyal Po’i Gsung ‘Bum Las Nyer Lnga’i Sde Tshan,” written by Mongolian healer Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1639–1704), compiles 30 medicinal formulas, each containing 25 ingredients, including Gabur-25. This study examines its composition, quality, and efficacy. Results: A comparative analysis of Gabur-25 from Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work with compositions from “The Four Tantras of Medicine,” “Abstract of Nandin Erdene Extract,” and “The Four Mineral Waters” revealed 17 shared ingredients and 8 variations. These differences suggest adaptations for treating excessive heat-related conditions, gout, and cerebral palsy disorders. Conclusion Gabur-25 in Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work differs from other sources by seven medicinal ingredients. It is particularly effective for dispersing excess heat, treating gout-related disorders, and aiding paralysis-influenced conditions. This distinction highlights Gabur-25 as a modified formulation tailored to regional ailments based on the author’s experience. The study underscores the evolving nature of traditional Tibetan medicine and its adaptation to specific health conditions.