Background: Sarcopenia is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. In recent years, neurotrophic and neuromuscular biomarkers have been investigated as potential diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia; however, evidence regarding their sex-specific differences remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the sex-specific associations of serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels with sarcopenia and muscle-related parameters among older adults. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included adults aged 60 years and older. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) criteria. Serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels were measured using ELISA. Group differences were analyzed using independent t-tests, correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis, and diagnostic performance for sarcopenia was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants in either the male or female groups (all p>0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated AUC values ranging from 0.540 to 0.542 in males and from 0.508 to 0.530 in females for BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.04–1.21, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66–0.91, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia, whereas BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 showed no independent association with sarcopenia. Conclusions 1. No statistically significant sex-specific differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults (all p>0.05). 2. CAF22 levels were weakly negatively correlated with muscle mass and fat-free mass index in males (p<0.05), whereas BDNF levels showed weak positive correlations with handgrip strength and fat-free mass index in females (p<0.05). CAF22 levels also demonstrated a weak positive correlation with age (p<0.05). 3. ROC and multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated limited diagnostic utility of BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 for sarcopenia (AUC=0.508–0.542), and none of these biomarkers showed an independent association with sarcopenia (all p>0.05). In contrast, older age (OR=1.12, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia.

Background: The physiology and intellectual traits of individuals are interrelated and should be studied comprehensively. In traditional medicine, the teachings of wind (khi), bile (shar), and phlegm (badgan) are considered an integrated system for maintaining health, preventing diseases, diagnosing, and treating illnesses. Aim: Our research is to study students’ physical indicators, body composition, innate characteristics and the relationship between physique and psychological factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on relatively healthy individuals, did clinical observations and used a cross-sectional study design. (defined as those experiencing internal physiological changes that do not impair their work capacity or active lifestyle) Results: Participants were aged 19-25 years, with an average age of 21.5. Heights ranged from 149 cm to 198 cm, with an average of 165.7 cm. Weights ranged from 37 kg to 111 kg, with an average of 61.55 kg. The Body Mass Index (BMI) varied between 15.3 and 36.3, with an average of 22.36. The majority of participants were female (76.4%), while male participants accounted for 23.6%. Regarding individual constitutional types, the most common were: predominantly bile with wind characteristics (21.2%), predominantly bile with phlegm characteristics (30.8%), predominantly wind with bile characteristics (19.6%). Stress survey results ranged from a minimum score of 0 to a maximum of 50, with an average score of 20.6, indicating slightly below-average psychological well-being. The correlation between physiological traits and psychological survey scores was R=0.323** (p=0.001), showing a weak but positive correlation. This suggests that below-average psychological well-being is only minimally influenced by physiological traits. Conclusion The stress survey results indicated an average score of 20.6, slightly below the normal psychological index. The correlation between constitutional traits and psychological well-being was weak but positive (R=0.323**, p=0.001). This implies that individual constitutional characteristics have a minimal effect on psychological well-being. In the study of intrinsic unique characteristics, it has been found that certain physical constitution metrics of the participants demonstrate both positive and negative correlations with the majority of body types, indicating that individuals exhibit varying physical constitution characteristics. Additionally, there exists a positive but weak correlation between intrinsic unique characteristics and stress levels, warranting further investigation.