Background: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) is a modular, multidimensional instrument designed to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. It encompasses both child self-report and parent proxy-report formats and includes generic as well as disease-specific modules, enabling comprehensive HRQoL assessment across healthy and clinical pediatric populations. In Mongolia, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders represent the second leading cause of morbidity among children aged 10 to 14 years. The assessment of HRQoL in children with GI disorders — particularly those with chronic conditions — is of considerable importance for clinicians and researchers in conducting epidemiological surveillance, monitoring treatment outcomes, and evaluating findings from clinical trials. Aim: To translate the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory–Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Standard Form (PedsQL™-GI version standard form) into Mongolian and to evaluate its internal consistency reliability. Materials and Methods: The PedsQL™-GI version standard form was selected for translation following written authorization from the original developers. The bilingual forward translation was conducted by a team comprising a professional linguist and a pediatrician with 15 years of clinical experience and academic proficiency in English, adhering to the developer-provided translation protocol. The preliminary Mongolian version was subsequently reviewed by a senior pediatrician with 25 years of professional experience and academic English, with particular attention to medical terminology accuracy and linguistic equivalence. A separate bilingual team — consisting of a second linguist and a pediatrician — then performed the backward translation into English. A small-group expert panel comprising the back-translation team and the research investigators convened to review discrepancies and finalize the English reconciled version, which was submitted to the original developers for approval before the official release of the Mongolian version. To evaluate the internal consistency reliability of the Mongolian version, the instrument was administered to 25 children aged 8–12 years and 25 adolescents aged 13 years and above, along with their respective caregivers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, employing the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total instrument was α=0.96, indicating excellent internal consistency reliability. Test-retest reliability, assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, yielded ICC=0.79, demonstrating satisfactory measurement stability over repeated administrations. Conclusions 1. The overall semantic equivalence of the Mongolian version was 97.8%, and 96% of cognitive interview participants rated the questionnaire as “understandable” indicating that the clinical content and conceptual integrity of the original instrument were fully preserved throughout the translation process. 2. A total of 37 adaptation instances were identified during the translation process, encompassing six categories of linguistic and cross-cultural localization: age-appropriate modification, conversion of medical terminology into everyday language, linguistic and cultural adaptation, synonymous substitution, elaboration, and condensation. These adaptations collectively enhanced the content validity of the instrument. 3. The Mongolian version demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha α=0.96) and satisfactory test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ICC=0.79), both fully meeting international psychometric standards. These findings confirm that the instrument constitutes a reliable tool for assessing health-related quality of life in Mongolian children with chronic gastrointestinal disorders.

Background: Khamba Nomyn Khan Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” sutra was the main research material for doctors, researchers, and students of traditional medicine. The book “Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma” has 18 pages of the sutra and is one of the five main books in the traditional medicine of Khamba Nomyn Khan. He summarized his experience and lessons learned in differential treatment of fever, some of the most common diseases in women, and medical care for 22 diseases such as wind, bile, and phlegm, measles, mumps, gonorrhea, edema, cold, and so on. We have studied the medical treatment of colds from these treatments. Luvsandanzanjantsan was not only a famous scientist who penetrated many fields of knowledge but also expanded the research work of Mongolian medicine and became the first Mongolian doctor to study medicine, which is based on Tibetan medicine, based on the Indian Ayurvedic medicine in Outer or Khalkh Mongol. Our research, on the one hand, analyzes the versified translation of Luvsandanzanjantsang’s “Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma,” and on the other hand, explains the importance of theory and practice in the book with the example of medicine for treating gnyan rims, which means in modern medicine as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Aim: To explain the theoretical and practical significance of Lamyn Gegeen LuvsandanZanjantsan’s “Drops of Healing Nectar” (poetic translation) by using the example of a medicine for treating the common cold. Materials and Methods: Analysis refers to breaking down or separating components of an object or phenomenon selected for study. Through analytical reasoning, each essential characteristic of the object becomes more apparent within its constituent parts. Analysis is a necessary cognitive and logical process that accompanies the act of examining an object in detail. Using this approach, the study analyzed and interpreted the medicinal applications for treating the common cold described in Lamyn Gegeen LuvsandanZanjantsan’s “Drops of Healing Nectar.” The results of the analysis were synthesized using the analysis–synthesis method. Results: The main material of this study, “Drops of Healing Nectar” by LuvsandanZanjantsan, served as a key reference for medical students of the time. The text made the study of “The Root of Therapeutics” from the classical Indian and Tibetan medical work “The Four Tantras of Medicine” more accessible and comprehensible.⁵ Conclusion The “Drops of Healing Nectar,” an 18-page treatise written by Khamba Nomun Khan LuvsandanZanjantsan, includes treatment methods for 22 diseases such as disorders of wind (rlung), bile (mkhris-pa), phlegm (bad-kan), blood, edema, fever, inflammation, and organ-specific ailments. Drawing not only from his own experience but also from numerous authoritative Indian and Tibetan medical texts, this work compiles the most reliable treatment methods known at the time.