Background: Pediatric diarrhea is one of the most common diseases among children and is the second leading cause of death and the third most prevalent disease among children worldwide. In Traditional Medicine, pediatric diarrhea is considered to result from an imbalance of the three bodily principles. In the treatment of this condition, Indra-4 decoction, which is traditionally used for its antipyretic and antidiarrheal effects, is commonly administered. Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Indra-4 in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, randomized, controlled (active-control), open-label, single-center clinical trial was conducted. A total of 150 children were enrolled based on a confidence level of P>0.90 and a margin of error of D=10%, and were randomly assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment group received Indra-4 decoction at a dose of 1.5 g twice daily for children aged 2–5 years and 2 g twice daily for children aged 6–9 years. The comparison group received montmorillonite powder at a dose of 2 g three times daily. Treatment was administered for 7 days in both groups. Clinical symptoms were scored and assessed before treatment, on days 3 and 5 of treatment, and after completion of treatment, and the results were compared between the two groups. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia (Approval No. 2026/1-01, January 23, 2026). Result: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, sex distribution, or total symptom scores at baseline (p>0.05), indicating that the groups were comparable. On days 3 and 5 of treatment and after treatment, the total symptom scores in the Indra-4 group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group (p<0.001). The overall treatment efficacy was 92.0% in the Indra-4 group and 78.7% in the comparison group, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=4.315, p=0.038). The percentage reduction in symptom scores was 90.97±4.14% in the Indra-4 group compared with 61.32±5.24% in the comparison group (t=28.072, p<0.001). These findings suggest that Indra-4 decoction may be more effective in reducing symptoms and improving treatment outcomes in children with diarrhea. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the Indra-4 group had significantly greater improvement in the major and accompanying symptoms of pediatric diarrhea, as well as higher overall treatment efficacy and recovery rates, compared with the comparison group. Indra-4 appears to be effective in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea and may be suitable for clinical use.

Abstract Saposhnikovia divaricata, a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae, is widely distributed in many provinces of Mongolia. The dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata has been used for the treatment of arthritis and as a painkiller in Mongolian folk medicine. Moreover, its dried root (Radix Saposhnikoviae) is used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the therapy of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. According to phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the main ingredients of Saposhnikovia divaricata are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes. These compounds indicate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities. Cimifugin is an active ketone ingredient from Saposhnikovia divaricate, Rhizoma cimicifugae. Cimifugin has been reported to have bacteriostatic and antiviral effects. Studies have reported that cimifugin inhibits allergic inflammation by reducing the levels of cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide extensive information on the traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology mechanism of action, and health products from Saposhnikovia divaricata .

Background:This study reports a literature review aimed to assess studies related to the efficacy of various herbs in diabetes mellitus used in Bhutan. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is rising and many of the diabetics frequently use herbal treatments along with modern medical treatment for glyceamic control and improving their well-being. Methods: An electronic database (Pub med) was searched for 2002-2014 period and 31 related articles were assessed. Result: Many studies-mostly animal trials- have been conducted in this field. Among the herbs, we searched for Phyllantus emblica Linn., Curcuma longa Linn., Berberies aristata Berberidaceae, Tribulus terristries Linn., and Thlaspi arvense Linn. Their chemical compositions, ethno medical uses and anti diabetic activities were summarized. In the search using the keywords ‘phyllantus emblica and diabetes mellitus’’ 19 articles were found. Likewise 48 articles were found with the keyword ‘curcuma longa and diabetes mellitus’ but only 45 articles were of within 2002. 2 articles were found with the keywords ‘berberies aristata and diabetes mellitus’ and 4 articles with ‘tribulus terristries and diabetes mellitus’. As for the ‘thlaspi arvense and diabetes mellitus’ no articles were available. Conclusion: Almost all ingredients of Churu-5 showed effective result in the study done by others.

Aglig-4 was produced in the Drug Manufacture of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia. Moisture, substances extracted in water, contents of macro-and microelements, and bioactive compounds of the drug were determined. Moisture of the drug was 4.5 % while substance percentage extracted in water was 20.9. Contents of macro-and microelements per 1 g of Deva-5 were as following: Na1.2 mg (2.8 %), Mg-2.87 mg (6.7 %), P-1.2 mg (2.8 %), S-0.39 mg (0.93 %), Al-0.87 mg (2.03 %), Si-2.71 mg (3.34 %), Ti-0.11 mg (0.26 %), Mn-0.049 mg (0.115 %), Fe0.843 mg (1.967 %), Cu-0.006 mg (0.014 %), and Zn-0.022 mg. Ca, K and Mg were the major elements detected in Deva-5. The most suitable solvent system for Aglig-4 was Tolyol:Ethylacetate:Formic Acid (7:2:0.5). By thin layer chromatography, flavonoid glycosides were determined in Deva-5.