Background: Dental caries is a worldwide spreader infectious decease. According to the present studies, the prevalence of the disease is highly dependent on the developmental of the country and its prevention strategies. By the World Dental Federation and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, dental caries prevalence is increasing every year in Mongolia, which is becoming one of the main problems in our country. According to studies, the most effective method of decreasing prevalence of caries is to have an oral health knowledge, provide caries treatment on early-stage and focusing more on prevention. Aim: The aim of our study was to determine the oral health status among the groups aged between 5, 12, 35-44, 65-74. Materials and Methods: The study has consisted 3512 subjects who selected from 4 age groups (5, 12, 35-44, 65-74) and from 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar city and 5 provinces of Mongolia. The oral examination of each person was done by calibrated dentists according to recommendation of WHO, 2013. The statistical analysis was processed using statistical software system (Stata version 16.0). Result: The prevalence of dental caries and mean of Decayed, Missed, Filled, permanent teeth (DMFt), decayed filled primary teeth were 87.6%, 6.2±0.14 among 5 years old, 77.0%, 2.2±0.03 among 12 years old, 98.1%, 11.8±0.19 among 35-44 years old, 99.8%, 23.6±0.27 among 65-74 years old. The good oral hygiene index was 51.5%, 46.3%, 49.0% and 65.7%. The prevalence of gingivitis was 2.3%, 9.8%, 34.5%, 17.6% and of calculus 0.8%, 7.6%, 62.8%, 31.6%, respectively above groups. The percent of people with removable dentures among 65-74 years old was higher than among 35-44 years old. Conclusion Across multiple age groups, the prevalence and severity of dental caries remain high. Oral hygiene status is predominantly classified as fair to poor. Among adults, partial or complete tooth loss is common; however, the utilization of dental prostheses is low, indicating inadequate prosthetic rehabilitation and limited adaptation to tooth replacement.

Background: Visual impairment may negatively affect children’s daily activities, educational opportunities, and hygiene practices, including their ability to maintain oral hygiene independently. Therefore, assessing the oral health status of visually impaired children is important for improving access to dental care services and developing preventive oral health programs. Aim: To compare the oral health status of visually impaired and sighted children. Materials and Methods: A total of 174 children from grades 1–12 of School No. 116 for visually impaired children and Logarithm School in Ulaanbaatar were included in this study. Oral examinations were conducted using an examination form developed according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) guidelines. The study was carried out using a descriptive cross-sectional design, and the collected data were statistically analyzed. Result: Among visually impaired children, the prevalence of dental caries was 77%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.4±3.8. Among sighted children, the prevalence of dental caries was 75.9%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.7±3.8. The prevalence of gingivitis was 18.4% in visually impaired children and 11.5% in sighted children. Oral hygiene status was predominantly classified as poor or fair among visually impaired children, whereas a good level of oral hygiene predominated among sighted children. Conclusion 1. The prevalence and severity of dental caries were similar between visually impaired and sighted children. 2. The prevalence of gingivitis was comparable between visually impaired (18.4%) and sighted children (11.5%). 3. Oral hygiene status was generally poorer among visually impaired children, while sighted children predominantly demonstrated good oral hygiene.

Background: Dental caries is a preventable disease influenced by individual behavior, dietary habits, lifestyle, and health literacy. According to data from preventive health screenings initiated in Mongolia in 2022, dental caries accounted for 77.7% of 258,008 suspected conditions identified among children aged 0–17 years. Reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries in children requires strengthening primary health care systems that emphasize the prevention and early detection of oral diseases and the provision of oral health education, rather than focusing solely on the treatment of existing dental caries. Aim: To assess the policy environment and implementation context of oral health care within primary health care in Mongolia and to identify key challenges and priority areas for improvement. Materials and Methods: A policy document review was conducted. The study included legal and policy documents governing primary health care as of 2026, together with relevant statistical data on oral diseases, health workforce, and financing. The collected information was categorized into key domains and synthesized and compared using an analytical matrix. Result: The current policy environment for primary health care in Mongolia does not yet provide all the conditions necessary to deliver equitable and prevention-oriented oral health services to the population. In particular, residents of soums and villages have limited access through their local health facilities to comprehensive services for the prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of oral and maxillofacial conditions. The inclusion of prevention, early detection, and primary oral health care within the “Healthy Teeth” initiative represents a positive policy development; however, mechanisms to ensure effective implementation remain insufficient. Although the Health Insurance Fund covers the costs of selected dental treatments for children and pregnant women, oral health care remains costly for other age groups, creating a considerable financial burden and limiting access to necessary services. Conclusion Reducing the burden of oral and maxillofacial diseases in Mongolia requires a transition from a treatment-oriented system toward primary health care based on prevention, early detection, and oral health education. Oral health care should be integrated into primary health care, with improved access at the soum and village levels and comprehensive strengthening of the health workforce, financing, and implementation mechanisms.

Background: Children with disabilities experience long-term impairments in one or more developmental domains, including cognitive, communicative, motor, behavioral, sensory, and self-care functions, often requiring continuous support in daily life. These children are particularly vulnerable to poor oral health due to a combination of factors such as limited motor coordination, dependence on caregivers, longterm medication use, and unfavorable dietary patterns. Consequently, they are at increased risk for dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral infections. In Mongolia, oral health disparities among children with disabilities remain insufficiently explored, and evidence-based data on their treatment needs are limited. Addressing this gap is essential for planning targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Aim: To evaluate the oral health status and determine the dental treatment needs of children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 888 children with disabilities attending special education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Oral examinations were performed following ethical approval (No. 2023/3-06) from the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Dental caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT indices, and oral hygiene status was evaluated using a plaque index. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 85.5%, indicating a substantial disease burden. Caries prevalence and mean experience were 66.7% and 5.28±4.58 (dmft) in primary dentition, 86.2% and 5.23±3.75 (DMFT + dmft) in mixed dentition, and 83.6% and 5.44±4.00 (DMFT) in permanent dentition. Oral hygiene assessment showed that only 9.8% of children had good hygiene, whereas 46.3% exhibited poor oral hygiene, which was consistently associated with higher caries levels across diagnostic groups. Notably, 83.3% of children had at least one untreated decayed tooth or caries-related complication, reflecting a considerable unmet treatment need. Conclusion 1. The prevalence of dental caries among children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar was 85.5%. Specifically, during the primary dentition stage, the prevalence was 66.7% with a mean caries experience of 5.28±4.58 (dmft). In the mixed dentition stage, the prevalence increased to 86.2% with a mean caries experience of 5.23±3.75 (DMFT+dmft). During the permanent dentition stage, the prevalence was 83.6%, with a mean DMFT score of 5.44±4.00. 2. Assessment of oral hygiene status using the plaque index revealed that 9.8% of the children had “Good” oral hygiene, 43.9% had “Fair” hygiene, and 46.3% had “Poor” oral hygiene. 3. The caries profile was predominantly characterized by untreated decayed teeth, and a strong direct association was observed between dental caries and oral hygiene status. Overall, 83.3% of the children required oral healthcare services and treatment, with the highest needs observed among those with permanent dentition, males, and children with intellectual disabilities.

Background: Saliva is a biological fluid that is constantly secreted into the oral cavity and serves to cleanse, moisturize, digest food, maintain a balance of microorganisms, and provide antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral services during chewing and swallowing. It is also a biological fluid with many components that is suitable for the early detection of various oral diseases. Since there has been little clinical research on the effects of locally produced, organic toothpastes that are widely used in Mongolia on the oral environment, our study was based on saliva analysis and crystallization. Aim: To study the effects of some toothpastes used in Mongolia on the teeth and oral environment Materials and Methods: In accordance with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Health Sciences (No. 26/03-B01), we divided 104 children aged 15-17 into 4 groups, collected questionnaires, performed oral examinations, and assessed the risk of DC and PD using SMT and saliva crystallization analysis. The results of the research were processed using STATA and EXCEL programs. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in the study participants was 88.5%, and the intensity was 5.56±4.3 DFM/T. The risk of developing dental caries was moderate, with type 2 dominating (55%). In repeated measurements, the bacterial count in the control group increased from 28.17 to 50.72. The parameters were stable in the eezgii paste group, the white blood cells decreased in the salt paste group. The plaque parameter decreased statistically significantly in the experimental groups (p=0.001). Conclusion Mongolian-produced eezgii paste reduced the number of salivary bacteria (44.88-44.44) and changed the crystallographic form (44% from type 2 to type 1, and 60% from type 3 to type 2). However, salt paste reduced the number of salivary white blood cells (43.16-33.96), while ammonia levels increased by 41.52-48.04 in the clove leaf paste group.

Introduction: Oral health is an essential component of children's overall health, growth, nutrition, learning ability, and quality of life. Establishing appropriate toothbrushing habits during early childhood requires both effective oral health education and a supportive school environment. This study aimed to assess oral health knowledge among second-grade primary school students and examine its relationship with dental caries prevalence and the availability of school toothbrushing facilities. Goal: To evaluate oral health knowledge among second-grade students in selected public primary schools in Ulaanbaatar and determine its association with dental caries prevalence, sex, and the school toothbrushing environment. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in May 2026 among 971 second-grade students from 12 public primary schools in Khan-Uul, Chingeltei, and Bayanzurkh districts of Ulaanbaatar. Schools with and without designated toothbrushing facilities were selected using a 1:2 ratio. Oral health knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire consisting of 10 questions covering daily oral hygiene, toothbrushing practices, dietary factors, and preventive care. Dental caries were assessed through clinical oral examinations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS), under Approval No. 26/03, issued in 2026. Results: Overall, 74.77% of students had dental caries, indicating a high prevalence. No statistically significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between boys and girls. Students attending schools equipped with toothbrushing facilities had a significantly lower prevalence of dental caries than those attending schools without such facilities (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.42 0.76). Regarding oral health knowledge, 59.84% of students demonstrated poor knowledge, 37.88% moderate knowledge, and only 2.88% good knowledge. Students showed relatively good knowledge of cariogenic foods and recommended toothbrush replacement intervals; however, knowledge of proper toothbrushing techniques, appropriate toothbrush selection, and the importance of preventive dental visits remained insufficient. Conclusion Most second-grade students had inadequate oral health knowledge and a high prevalence of dental caries. School toothbrushing facilities were associated with a lower risk of dental caries. Strengthening practical school-based oral health education, establishing standardized toothbrushing facilities, and integrating regular preventive dental examinations into school health programs may contribute to improving children's oral health and reducing dental caries.

Background: Pre-procedural mouth rinsing has been shown to reduce pathogenic microorganisms, prevent secondary infections, and shorten healing time prior to periodontal treatment, oral surgeries, and endodontic procedures. In Mongolia, most dental clinics routinely recommend mouth rinsing before treatment. Moreover, since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in the public’s use of various mouth rinses outside clinical settings. However, there is a lack of comparative clinical studies assessing the efficacy of these commercially available rinses. Aim: To clinically compare the effects of various commonly used mouth rinses with different active ingredients on the oral environment. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 210 participants with mixed dentition, receiving care at the Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Department of the Central Dental Hospital of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Participants completed a 17-question survey in three groups, followed by clinical examinations. Oral pH, malodor, and bacterial counts were measured using a phase-contrast microscope (OMAX 40X-2500X, USA) after collecting plaque and saliva samples. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Results: A total of 210 children participated (mean age 9.04±1.2 year; 52.2% male, 47.8% female). The average DMFT index was 6.3 DMF+df/t (high), and oral hygiene index was 1.53 score (moderate). The baseline oral pH was 6.3±0.5 score. After rinsing with sodium bicarbonate, the pH increased to 7.4±0.4 score, and remained at 6.61±0.31 score after 40 minutes. In contrast, the placebo group showed minimal change (6.06±0.45 to 6.09±0.31 score). Statistically significant differences between groups were observed. Baseline oral malodor averaged 80.8±1.4 ppb. After rinsing with povidone-iodine, it decreased to 76.1±3.4 ppb at 40 minutes, while in the placebo group it decreased from 74.2±4.9 ppb to 66.3±3.8 ppb. Bacterial count prior to rinsing was 18.85±0.77 score. Chlorhexidine gluconate reduced this to 11.06±0.68 score immediately after rinsing and to 8.8±3.8 score after 40 minutes, whereas the placebo group showed minimal reduction (15.21±2.02 to 17.6±2.2 score). Conclusions Pre-procedural mouth rinsing demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact on the oral environ ment, including improvements in breath odor and a reduction in microbial load. The effectiveness of these outcomes was found to vary depending on the specific composition of the mouthwash used. These findings suggest that selecting an appropriate mouthwash based on the clinical setting can enhance treatment efficiency. Nonetheless, all evaluated solutions contributed to maintaining or improving the balance of the oral environment.

Background: Oral candidiasis, which is one of the most common diseases of the mucous membrane, is carried in the mouth of about 17-75% of healthy population. And 51-74% of this healthy population is asymptomatic. However, oral candidiasis is found in 50-65% of the individuals with dentures, is found in 67% of elders over 75 years old and is found in 85% of the patients with oral cancer. The most common causative organism is C.albicans with 43.7%, less commonly C.glabrata and C.tropicalis. According to some researches, the occurrence of the oral candidiasis has been increasing continuously for last 20-30 years, and has strong tendency to consistently increase for the 21st century. Methods: Total 50 patients were participated in this study, including; the patients with full denture from Department of Prosthodontics of The Dental Center of Ulaanbaatar, and patients with evident symptoms of candidiasis from Department of Neck and Head Surgery and Department of Radiation Therapy of National Cancer Center of Mongolia. The study was carried out by descriptive study type, based on the patients’ questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory tests. Results: The oral candidiasis causing pathogen Candida was found in 100% of following patients including; the patients with full denture and the patients having head and neck radiation therapy. For the patients with full denture, Candida albicans was the most commonly implicated organism with 53%, Candida tropicalis 21% and Candida krusei 11%. For the patients with radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, most common pathogen was Candida albicans with 64% and Candida tropicalis with 7%. Conclusions Main causative pathogens for the patients with full denture are C.albicans (53%), С.tropicalis (21%), and for the patients with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer is C. albicans (64%). 95% of the participants who were diagnosed with oral candidiasis were resistant to Colistin and 100% sensitive to Nystatin and Miconazole.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are viral infections which can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and are the leading causes for hepatic cirrhosis and cancer, thus creating a significant burden to healthcare systems due to the high morbidity/mortality and costs of treatment. The risk of HBV infection in an unvaccinated person from a single HBV-infected needle stick injury ranges from 6–30. The prevention of HBV infection among HCWs has become a crucial issue. HBV can effectively be prevented by vaccination. A safe and effective HBV vaccine has been available since the 1980s and can prevent acute and chronic infection with an estimated effectivity of 95%. In 2017, the São Paulo Declaration on Hepatitis was launched at the World Hepatitis Summit 2017, calling upon governments to include hepatitis B vaccines for HCWs in national immunization programs. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences and has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness. Data on current hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCWs in Mongolia is scarce. According to Azzaya et al, the protection level of the subjects was 67.2% >100 mIU/ml, 18.8%, 11-100 mIU/mL and 14.1%, 0-10 mIU/mL based on antibody titer level respectively among the vaccinated HCWs at the 2nd Central hospital. Thus, the HBV vaccination among public and private sector HCWs in Mongolia to inform the health authorities about the HCWs HBV vaccination status along with associated problems and challenges for further improving vaccination strategy among HCWs.

Oral problems, especially dental caries and insufficient oral hygiene, have been still a concern world-wide sequel to tooth pain, discomfort, loss function and at most the harmful chronic impact of various oral infections, including pulpitis, periapical inflammation, periodontal disease which will due to loss of teeth if patients don’t treat impacted teeth, leading to crowding and malocclusion during and after mixed dentition. Screening of oral diseases should form a part of routine medical care in children. The caries prevalence was 70% and the mean dmft was 2.83 among 5 years old children who lives Khentii province (The national survey of oral health status of children and adults in Mongolia, 2013). The increase of dental caries incidence in low-economic countries is doubtless due to complicated causal web related to the economic, demographic and nutritional transitions, low tradition of oral health care, limited use of fluoride, and lack of oral health services (Peterson, 2003; Peterson et al., 2005; Sheiham, 1984). To assess caries prevalence and intensity among 7 years old children who were born in 2010. To calculate volume of treatment materials and costs after we determine such dental diseases as caries, pulpitis, periapical inflammation. This cross-sectional study included the 238 of 254 (116 girls, 122 boys) children who live in peri-urban area, Khentii province, and study first grade of Laboratory First school because our survey’s long term purpose was that we would treat all children who participated in this research. Two experienced dentists collected clinical oral health data. An intra-oral examination was conducted to assess dental caries in deciduous and permanent dentition. Dental caries prevalence evaluated using standard WHO oral survey methods. The prevalence of caries in the examined population was 83.61%. Caries intensity (dmft) was 4.84. The untreated caries index was 4.41. The counts of male participants were healthier than girl in category which is dmft index equals 0. But males had higher level of caries than females. The 18 first molars were impacted of caries. The 665 first molars were healthy. Even though we didn’t assess the malocclusion, which is anterior crowding of teeth, was observed almost all children. The high value of caries index was determined that indicate dental care and treatment for this age of children is not well provided. It is necessary to upgrade knowledge about oral health for both children and parents and caregivers and teaching constantly right way of tooth brushing methods. Then define whether they have habit that are brushing and flossing, children and parents don’t follow guidance. Dentists should train school doctors and health education teachers who contact to children closer than professional experts. In addition, to increase parental awareness of need for deciduous teeth treatment and for regular assessment of the status of newly erupted permanent teeth. This study can be translated into delivery of dental services to the community is essential.