The emergence of new-generation artificial intelligence technology has brought numerous innovations to the healthcare field, including telemedicine and intelligent care. However, the artificial intelligent medical device sector still faces significant challenges, such as data privacy protection and algorithm reliability. This study, based on invention patent analysis, revealed the technological innovation trends in the field of artificial intelligent medical devices from aspects such as patent application time trends, hot topics, regional distribution, and innovation players. The results showed that global invention patent applications had remained active, with technological innovations primarily focused on medical image processing, physiological signal processing, surgical robots, brain-computer interfaces, and intelligent physiological parameter monitoring technologies. The United States and China led the world in the number of invention patent applications. Major international medical device giants, such as Philips, Siemens, General Electric, and Medtronic, were at the forefront of global technological innovation, with significant advantages in patent application volumes and international market presence. Chinese universities and research institutes, such as Zhejiang University, Tianjin University, and the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, had demonstrated notable technological innovation, with a relatively high number of patent applications. However, their overseas market expansion remained limited. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the technological innovation trends in the artificial intelligent medical device field and offers valuable information support for industry development from an informatics perspective.
Artificial Intelligence ; Patents as Topic ; Humans ; Inventions ; China ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Telemedicine ; Equipment and Supplies ; Robotics ; Algorithms

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is driving profound changes in medical practice, particularly in the field of medical device application. Based on data from the U.S. clinical trials registry, this study analyzes the global registration landscape of clinical trials involving artificial intelligence-based medical devices, aiming to provide a reference for their clinical research and application. A total of 2 494 clinical trials related to artificial intelligence medical devices have been registered worldwide, with participation from 66 countries or regions. The United States leads with 908 trials, while for other countries or regions, including China, each has fewer than 300 trials. Germany, the United States, and Belgium serve as central hubs for international collaboration. Among the sponsors, 63.96% are universities or hospitals, 22.36% are enterprises, and the remainder includes individuals, government agencies and others. Of all trials, 79.99% are interventional studies, 94.67% place no restrictions on participant gender, and 69.69% exclude children. The targeted diseases are primarily neurological and mental disorders. This study systematically reveals the global distribution characteristics and research trends of artificial intelligence medical device clinical trials, offering valuable data support and practical insights for advancing international collaboration, resource allocation, and policy development in this field.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Clinical Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data* ; Equipment and Supplies ; Registries ; United States

The liver regenerative capacity is crucial for patients with end-stage liver disease following partial hepatectomy (PHx). The specific bacteria and mechanisms regulating liver regeneration post-PHx remain unclear. This study demonstrated dynamic changes in the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis (P. distasonis) post-PHx, correlating with hepatocyte proliferation. Treatment with live P. distasonis significantly promoted hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after PHx. Targeted metabolomics revealed a significant positive correlation between P. distasonis and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), as well as hyodeoxycholic acid and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the gut after PHx. Notably, treatment with BHB, but not hyodeoxycholic acid or 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, significantly promoted hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in mice after PHx. Moreover, STAT3 inhibitor Stattic attenuated the promotive effects of BHB on cell proliferation and liver regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, P. distasonis upregulated the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins, and increased BHB levels in the liver, and then BHB activated the STAT3 signaling pathway to promote liver regeneration. This study, for the first time, identifies the involvement of P. distasonis and its associated metabolite BHB in promoting liver regeneration after PHx, providing new insights for considering P. distasonis and BHB as potential strategies for promoting hepatic regeneration.

Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face (CIL-F) represents a rare lipomatous lesion, as evidenced by a case admitted to the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University in August 2023. The patient, a 7-year-old male, presented with diffuse enlargement of the right middle and lower face and a forehead mass since birth. Imaging assessments including CT scan with three dimensional reconstruction and MRI revealed infiltrative fatty growth in the right middle and lower face, abnormal subcutaneous fat hyperplasia in the forehead, and asymmetric abnormal hyperplasia of the right mandible. Following surgical resection, genetic testing of the excised tissue identified a mutation of the PIK3CA gene. Remarkably, the patient demonstrated satisfactory recovery six months post-surgery. Given its rarity in clinic, this case offers valuable clinical insights for managing similar disease.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of atherosclerotic index of plasma(AIP)for the risk of coronary heart disease(CHD)in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 299 patients with NAFLD.Based on presence or absence of CHD,the patients were divided into NAFLD with CHD group(n=177)and NAFLD group(n=122).Clinical data were collected from both groups,and AIP was calculat-ed.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the independent risk factors for CHD in patients with NAFLD.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were plotted to evalu-ate the predictive value of AIP for the risk of CHD in patients with NAFLD.Results The NAFLD with CHD group had a higher proportion of males,smokers,and higher levels of alanine aminotrans-ferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),triglycerides(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),γ-glutamyltransferase(GGT),uric acid(UA),and AIP than the NAFLD group.The NAFLD with CHD group also had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)than the NAFLD group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that males(OR=2.548,95％CI,1.402 to 4.632,P=0.002),high levels of AST(OR=1.038,95％CI,1.002 to 1.077,P=0.041),high levels of LDL-C(OR=1.811,95％CI,1.242 to 2.640,P=0.002),and high AIP(OR=16.117,95％CI,1.874 to 138.609,P=0.011)were independent risk factors for CHD in patients with NAFLD(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that AIP had an area under the curve of 0.746(95％CI,0.688 to 0.804)for pre-dicting CHD in patients with NAFLD,with a sensitivity of 76.3％and a specificity of 73.0％.Conclusion AIP is an independent influencing factor for CHD in patients with NAFLD and has certain predictive value for the risk of CHD in these patients.

Objective To analyze the pathogen spectrum characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024,and evaluate the application value of multiple detection technique in monitoring diarrhea syndrome.Methods Diarrhea specimens from hospitalized children under 5 years old in 4 senti-nel hospitals in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024 were collected,Luminex? multi-pathogen detection kit(GPP)was used for screening 16 types of pathogens,and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)was simultaneously used to verify the consistency of detection results of 5 diarrhea virus.Results A total of 578 dia-rrhea specimens were collected,and the positive detection rate of pathogens was 67.13％(n=388).The positive detection rate of viral pathogens was 38.24％,mainly norovirus(21.63％),rotavirus A(10.90％),and sapovirus(4.67％).The positive detection rate of bacterial pathogens was 41.00％,mainly Salmonella spp.(19.55％),Clostridioides di f ficile toxin A/B(14.71％),and Campylobacter sp p.(8.82％).Cryptosporidium,Entamoeba histolytica,and Giardia were not detected.The consistency between GPP and qPCR in detecting viral pathogens reached 95.16％,with a Kappa value of 0.897(x2=465.36,P＜0.001).Conclusion The main pathogens causing diarrhea in children in Zhongshan City are norovirus,Salmonella,and Clostridioides toxin A/B.GPP technique can efficiently construct a multi-pathogen spectrum,and provide reliable technical support for optimizing the monitoring system of diarrhea syndrome.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and diagnostic process of ring chromosome syndrome.Methods:Clinical data of 9 children with ring chromosome syndrome who were treated at the Children′s Medical Center of Peking University First Hospital from September 2009 to May 2025, were summarized and analyzed in a case series study. The data included clinical manifestations, types of epileptic seizures, genetic testing, treatment outcomes, and follow-up results, et al.Results:Among the 9 children with ring chromosome syndrome, there were 6 girls and 3 boys, including 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome, 3 children with ring chromosome 14 syndrome, and 1 child each with ring chromosome 13 and 17 syndrome. All 9 children had de novo chromosomal variations. Among them, 3 children of ring chromosome 20 syndrome were mosaic, and the remaining 6 children were non-mosaic. All 9 children exhibited diverse clinical features, especially those with ring chromosome 20 syndrome, which presented with specific manifestations. The 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome all had acute epileptic seizures as the initial symptom, with onset ages of 67, 39, 17, and 96 months, and all had focal seizures. One child with ring chromosome 20 syndrome had non-convulsive status epilepticus. Development of all 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome was normal before seizure onset, but 3 children showed regression after onset. No physical deformities were observed in 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome, and 2 children were misdiagnosed, 3 children underwent whole exome sequencing and copy number variation analysis in their families, with no abnormalities detected. All 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome were diagnosed through chromosomal karyotype analysis, the intervals between onset and diagnosis were 2, 81, 19 and 13 months, respectively. Follow-up showed that epileptic seizures were not controlled in all 4 children with ring chromosome 20 syndrome. The other 5 children were characterized by developmental delay as the initial symptom, followed by epileptic seizures between 3 and 24 months of age. Developmental regression of the other 5 children did not occur after onset, 2 of them had microcephaly, and 3 had wide-set eyes. No misdiagnoses were reported in these 5 children, and the intervals between onset and diagnosis were 7, 3, 55, 3, and 106 months, respectively. Follow-up showed that epileptic seizures were controlled in these 5 children. Conclusions:Ring chromosome 20 syndrome typically manifest with epilepsy as the initial symptom and are refractory to drug treatment, their early development is entirely normal. Ring chromosome 13, 14, and 17 syndrome are characterized by developmental delay from an early age, followed by the onset of epileptic seizures, which are easily controlled. Conventional whole exome sequencing and copy number variation analysis in families rarely detect ring chromosome abnormalities. Early chromosomal karyotype analysis is essential for the diagnosis of ring chromosome syndrome.

Objective:To explore the genetic and clinical characteristics of epilepsy related with ATP6V1A gene heterozygous variants.Methods:A case series study was conducted. The clinical data of 10 children of epilepsy associated with ATP6V1A gene variants who were admitted to the Children′s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital from January 2019 to December 2024 was collected. The characteristics of children′ gene variation, clinical phenotype, auxiliary examination results, treatment and prognosis were analyzed.Results:Among the 10 children, there were 4 boys and 6 girls. All 10 children with ATP6V1A gene variants were de novo heterozygous variants, including 1 case of mosaic variant. A total of 9 different variants were identified and 7 variants have not been reported previously. The age at epilepsy onset was 28 (9, 48) months. Five children experienced their first seizure as a fever induction. The types of epileptic seizures included focal seizures in 6 children, epileptic spasms in 5 children, tonic spasms and atonic seizures in 1 child respectively. Three children had 2 seizure types. Global developmental delays were exhibited in 8 children, 2 of whom manifested autism spectrum disorder phenotypes. Two children showed normal development. Electroencephalography revealed slowed background activity in 5 children. Interictal epileptiform discharges were recorded in 9 cases, including hypsarrhythmia, focal, multifocal or generalized discharges. Clinical seizures were captured in 4 children. Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were found in 4 children, including frontotemporal cortical dysplasia, prominent sulci, delayed myelination of white matter, dysplasia of the corpus callosum, bilateral ventricular enlargement, and cerebral atrophy. Five children were diagnosed with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), and 4 of them were diagnosed with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome. At the last follow-up, the age was 78 (25, 120) months. Seizures were controlled in 6 children, while 4 children had uncontrolled seizures despite treatment with ≥3 anti-seizure medications. Conclusions:All children with ATP6V1A gene related epilepsy harbored de novo heterozygous missense variants, with few showing mosaic variants. Seizure onset age ranged widely from the neonatal period to childhood. The predominant seizure types were focal seizures and epileptic spasms. The phenotypic spectrum may exhibit DEE, while a minority maintain normal development.

Objective:To summarize the genotype and clinical phenotype characteristics of children with epilepsy associated with the SCN1B gene encoding the sodium channel β1 subunit. Methods:The genotypes and clinical phenotypes of patients with SCN1B variants among suspected genetic epilepsy cases treated at the Children′s Medical Center of Peking University First Hospital between May 2016 and July 2024 were analyzed. These variants were identified using next-generation sequencing and subsequently validated by Sanger sequencing or quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Results:A total of 17 patients were analyzed, including 8 males and 9 females. Ten cases of missense variations (including 2 with the same variations), 4 cases of deletion variations, and 1 case each of nonsense variations, splice site variations, and exons 4-5 deletions were identified. Among them, 6 cases had novel SCN1B variations. The variants in 11 cases were inherited from 1 parent. Eleven types of gene variants have not been reported yet. Onset of epilepsy ranged from 3 months to 5 years and 3 months old (median age: 14 months). Types of seizures included generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) in 14 cases, focal seizures in 9 cases, myoclonic seizures in 3 cases, atypical absence seizures in 2 cases and epilepsy spasms, tonic seizures and atonic seizures in 1 case each. Eleven cases had diverse seizure types. Fourteen cases (14/17) demonstrated fever sensitivity. Electroencephalography revealed focal discharges in 3 cases, coinciding with focal and generalized discharges in 3 additional cases, and multifocal discharges in 6 cases. Seizures were identified in 4 cases: 1 case of myoclonic seizures, 1 case of GTCS, 1 case of atypical absence seizures, and 1 case exhibiting both myoclonic and tonic seizures. Nine cases (9/17) were diagnosed with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, 1 case diagnosed with myoclonic epilepsy in infancy and 1 diagnosed with infant epileptic spasms syndrome. There were 2 cases of nonspecific developmental epileptic encephalopathy, while the remaining 4 cases could not be diagnosed with a specific epileptic syndrome. Effective antiseizure medications (ASMs) included valproate in 8 cases, levetiracetam in 5 cases, topiramate in 3 cases, clobazam in 2 cases, clonazepam and vigabatrin in 1 case each. Sodium channel blockers exacerbated seizures in 3 cases, specifically oxcarbazepine in 2 cases and lamotrigine in 1 case. At the last follow-up, seizures were controlled for at least 6 months in 14 patients (14/17), while seizures remained uncontrolled in 3 patients despite trialing 2 or more ASMs. Thirteen patients exhibited normal development, while 4 experienced developmental delays. Conclusions:The heterozygous variants in children with SCN1B gene-related epilepsy include missense, deletion, nonsense, splice site variants, and exon deletions. The correlation between different genetic variants and clinical phenotypes remains unclear. These variants are associated with epilepsy onset from infancy to early childhood, presenting with various seizure types, with GTCS being the most common. Phenotypic manifestations can vary significantly in severity, ranging from benign febrile seizures or febrile seizures plus to developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Valproic acid demonstrates the highest effectiveness rate, while the use of sodium channel blockers may worsen seizures in certain patients, necessitating cautious administration.

Objective:To summarize the clinical phenotype and genetic features of patients with relapsing encephalopathy with cerebellar ataxia (RECA) caused by ATP1A3 gene R756 variants. Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on patients carrying the ATP1A3 gene R756 variants, identified by whole-exome sequencing of family members, at Capital Center for Children′s Health, Capital Medical University and Children's Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital from August 2005 to February 2024. Their clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, electrophysiological and genetic characteristics were summarized. Results:A total of 13 RECA patients were enrolled in this study, including 8 males and 5 females. The age of onset was 8 months to 5 years, with a median age of onset of 18 months. All of 13 patients presented paroxysmal episodes of neurological decompensations triggered by fever and residual symptoms following the acute phase. During acute attack stage, ataxia was observed in all 13 cases, muscle weakness in 12 cases, dysarthria in 12 cases, altered consciousness in 10 cases, dysphagia in 10 cases, dystonic episodes in 4 cases, abnormal eye movement in 2 cases, choreoathetosis in 2 cases, and epileptic seizures in 1 case. All 13 patients had residual symptoms during the nonparoxysmal period, of whom 9 patients had ataxia, 9 patients had dysarthria, 4 patients had dystonia, 3 patients had cognitive disorders, and 1 patient had epileptic seizures. All 13 cases had ATP1A3 missense variants, and variant c.2266C>T/p.R756C was found in 6 cases, c.2267G>A/p.R756H in 5 cases, and c.2267G>T/p.R756L in 2 cases. Nine cases carried de novo variants, 4 with inherited variants. Conclusions:RECA caused by variants of ATP1A3 in residue 756 typically presents with an acute onset during infancy or early childhood, precipitated by febrile episodes and characterized by recurrent episodes of ataxia, with bulbar paralysis, muscle weakness and altered consciousness. Recurrence is common, and the most common persistent symptoms are cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria. A few patients have cognitive impairment. Three types of ATP1A3 gene variants R756C, R756H and R756L are related with RECA, and R756C is the most common variant.