Addictive behaviour refers to those repetitive behaviours which can lead to typical rewarding effects in related brain regions with great potential to "addictiveness". People engaged in such behaviours may develop mental disorders associated with functional impairment or distress. In ICD-11, video gaming and gambling are two major addictive behaviours. Globally, there has been a trend of the convergence between gaming and gambling, significantly aided by the rapid development of information technology. The trend introduces a new challenge for public health, especially in the sphere of behavioural addiction. Against this background, this article elucidates the definition of gaming and gambling, the convergence, and its public health implications and corresponding countermeasures.

Addictive behaviour refers to those repetitive behaviours which can lead to typical rewarding effects in related brain regions with great potential to "addictiveness". People engaged in such behaviours may develop mental disorders associated with functional impairment or distress. In ICD-11, video gaming and gambling are two major addictive behaviours. Globally, there has been a trend of the convergence between gaming and gambling, significantly aided by the rapid development of information technology. The trend introduces a new challenge for public health, especially in the sphere of behavioural addiction. Against this background, this article elucidates the definition of gaming and gambling, the convergence, and its public health implications and corresponding countermeasures.

Objective To investigate the differences of socio-demographics and smartphone use features among Chinese college students between problematic smartphone user (PSU) and non-PSU, and to clarify the link between PSU and psychopathological symptoms (anxiety and depression). Methods A total of 1205 undergraduates from 35 classes of 8 universities or colleges, stratified with different school levels, were selected using the cluster random sampling strategy. The Problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ) was used to identify problematic use of smartphone use, and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to measure anxiety and depression symptoms. Results The prevalence of PSU among undergraduates was estimated to be 20.6% (207/1006). There were significant differences between PSU and non-PSU on their major of either science category or humanities category (χ2=11.424, P<0.01), grade (χ2=5.868, P<0.05), monthly living expense supported by their family (χ2=12.713, P<0.01), daily time spent on their smartphones (χ2=20.052, P<0.01), frequency of changing the mobile phones (χ2=14.511, P<0.01) and monthly smartphone bill (χ2=13.107, P<0.01). Furthermore, the self rated anxiety (34.8% (72/207) vs. 14.6% (117/799),χ2=43.704, P<0.01) and depression (36.2%(75/207) vs. 15.4%(123/799),χ2=45.159,P<0.01) were both found more elevated in PSU than non-PSU. Conclusion Some common sociodemographic variables and smartphone usage patterns were identified in undergraduates displaying PSU. Moreover, PSU is associated with more elevated anxiety and depression symptoms.

Objective To investigate the differences of socio-demographics and smartphone use features among Chinese college students between problematic smartphone user (PSU) and non-PSU, and to clarify the link between PSU and psychopathological symptoms (anxiety and depression). Methods A total of 1205 undergraduates from 35 classes of 8 universities or colleges, stratified with different school levels, were selected using the cluster random sampling strategy. The Problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ) was used to identify problematic use of smartphone use, and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to measure anxiety and depression symptoms. Results The prevalence of PSU among undergraduates was estimated to be 20.6% (207/1006). There were significant differences between PSU and non-PSU on their major of either science category or humanities category (χ2=11.424, P<0.01), grade (χ2=5.868, P<0.05), monthly living expense supported by their family (χ2=12.713, P<0.01), daily time spent on their smartphones (χ2=20.052, P<0.01), frequency of changing the mobile phones (χ2=14.511, P<0.01) and monthly smartphone bill (χ2=13.107, P<0.01). Furthermore, the self rated anxiety (34.8% (72/207) vs. 14.6% (117/799),χ2=43.704, P<0.01) and depression (36.2%(75/207) vs. 15.4%(123/799),χ2=45.159,P<0.01) were both found more elevated in PSU than non-PSU. Conclusion Some common sociodemographic variables and smartphone usage patterns were identified in undergraduates displaying PSU. Moreover, PSU is associated with more elevated anxiety and depression symptoms.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of rhPTH (1-34) and elcatonin on bone metabolism and serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine ( SPARC ) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Methods One hundred and twenty-four postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomly divided into 2 groups:One group was treated with recombinant human parathyroid hormone ( 1-34 ) [ rhPTH ( 1-34 ) ] 200 U/d by subcutaneous injection (PTH group,n =89 )and another group was treated with elcatonin 20 U/week by intramuscular injection (CT group,n =35 ) for 12 months.All patients received a basic therapy with oral calcium ( Ca 600 mg+ Vit D3125 U,q..d.).The bone mineral density ( BMD ) of lumbar spine( L2-4 ),the left femoral neck,greater trochanter,and Ward's triangle,serum calcium and phosphate were measured by baseline,6 months' and 12 months.Levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase( BSAP),serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)were determined by an ELISA assay.ResultsBy 12 months,rhPTH ( 1-34 ) treatment significantly increased the lumbar spine L2-4 BMD 7.9％ (P＜0.05),serum calcium 8.3 ％ ( P＜ 0.05 ),serum BSAP 93.4％ ( P＜ 0.05 ),serum SPARC by 12.6％[ ( 195.68±59.57 vs 173.81 ±81.33 ) pμg/L,P＜0.05 ].Elcatonin therapy increased the lumbar spine L2-4 BMD by 3.2％ (P＜0.05) at the end of 12 months,but elcatonin did not influence serum calcium,BSAP and SPARC.The rhPTH( 1-34 ) increased lumbar spine L2-4 BMD more than elcatonin did at 12 months( P＜0.05 ).ConclusionrhPTH (1-34) could promote the bone anabolism more effectively than elcatonin did.Serum SPARC may play an important role in promoting osteogenesis by rhPTH.