Panax ginseng, a perennial herbaceous plant and a representative of the Panax genus, is renowned for its exceptional medicinal value and economic benefits, often referred to as the “King of Herbs.” With the increasing market demand and the limited availability of suitable cultivation land, the issue of continuous cropping obstacles for P. ginseng has become increasingly prominent, directly hindering the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. This article summarizes the concept and hazards of continuous cropping obstacles and, drawing on the latest research, provides an in-depth analysis of the causes and response mechanisms. This work aims to establish a solid foundation for future research into the mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles in P. ginseng.

Panax ginseng, a perennial herbaceous plant and a representative of the Panax genus, is renowned for its exceptional medicinal value and economic benefits, often referred to as the “King of Herbs.” With the increasing market demand and the limited availability of suitable cultivation land, the issue of continuous cropping obstacles for P. ginseng has become increasingly prominent, directly hindering the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. This article summarizes the concept and hazards of continuous cropping obstacles and, drawing on the latest research, provides an in-depth analysis of the causes and response mechanisms. This work aims to establish a solid foundation for future research into the mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles in P. ginseng.

Panax ginseng, a perennial herbaceous plant and a representative of the Panax genus, is renowned for its exceptional medicinal value and economic benefits, often referred to as the “King of Herbs.” With the increasing market demand and the limited availability of suitable cultivation land, the issue of continuous cropping obstacles for P. ginseng has become increasingly prominent, directly hindering the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. This article summarizes the concept and hazards of continuous cropping obstacles and, drawing on the latest research, provides an in-depth analysis of the causes and response mechanisms. This work aims to establish a solid foundation for future research into the mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles in P. ginseng.

Objective To explore the prognostic predictors of patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(ChRCC),and to construct a nomogram model and prognostic risk staging.Methods The data of this study were derived from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Cox regression analysis was used to determine the independent prognostic factors,and a nomogram model was constructed to predict the survival period of patients with ChRCC.The discrimination and accuracy of the model were evaluated using the consistency index and calibration curve.Prognostic risk staging was established and compared with the TNM staging system.Results A total of 6382 patients with ChRCC were included.They were randomly divided into training group(n=4467)and validation group(n=1915)in a 7:3 ratio.The results of the Cox regression analysis showed that age,gender,race,place of residence,lymph node metastasis,bone metastasis,lung metastasis,tumor breaking through the renal capsule,major vein invasion,pathological appearance of sarcomatous features,and surgical method were all independent influencing factors for the prognosis of ChRCC(P＜0.05).The C-index of this nomogram prognostic model was significantly higher than that of the TNM staging system(0.790 vs.0.617).The same trend was also observed in the validation group.The K-M survival curve based on the prognostic risk staging by the nomogram showed that there was a significant difference among the populations in each stage(P＜0.001),and the discrimination was superior to the TNM staging of renal cancer.Conclusion The prognostic nomogram model for ChRCC patients constructed based on comprehensive pathological factors can achieve high accuracy and stability.The prognostic risk staging established by this model can serve as a practical supplementary tool for evaluating the prognosis of ChRCC patients in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the prognostic predictors of patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(ChRCC),and to construct a nomogram model and prognostic risk staging.Methods The data of this study were derived from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Cox regression analysis was used to determine the independent prognostic factors,and a nomogram model was constructed to predict the survival period of patients with ChRCC.The discrimination and accuracy of the model were evaluated using the consistency index and calibration curve.Prognostic risk staging was established and compared with the TNM staging system.Results A total of 6382 patients with ChRCC were included.They were randomly divided into training group(n=4467)and validation group(n=1915)in a 7:3 ratio.The results of the Cox regression analysis showed that age,gender,race,place of residence,lymph node metastasis,bone metastasis,lung metastasis,tumor breaking through the renal capsule,major vein invasion,pathological appearance of sarcomatous features,and surgical method were all independent influencing factors for the prognosis of ChRCC(P＜0.05).The C-index of this nomogram prognostic model was significantly higher than that of the TNM staging system(0.790 vs.0.617).The same trend was also observed in the validation group.The K-M survival curve based on the prognostic risk staging by the nomogram showed that there was a significant difference among the populations in each stage(P＜0.001),and the discrimination was superior to the TNM staging of renal cancer.Conclusion The prognostic nomogram model for ChRCC patients constructed based on comprehensive pathological factors can achieve high accuracy and stability.The prognostic risk staging established by this model can serve as a practical supplementary tool for evaluating the prognosis of ChRCC patients in clinical practice.

ObjectiveIn recent years， with the sharp decline of wild resources in Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma and the immaturity of medicinal cultivation technology， their adulterants have appeared frequently in the market， and the main identifying characteristics have mostly disappeared in the circulation of medicinal materials. Therefore， there is an urgent need to establish a molecular identification method that can quickly and effectively identify the specificity of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma. MethodAfter comparison of the rbcL sequences of Arisaematis Rhizoma，Pinelliae Rhizoma， and their adulterants， the specific enzyme cleavage sites Hae Ⅲ and Dra Ⅰ of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma， respectively， were selected and identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism（PCR-RFLP）. The main system conditions of PCR-RFLP reaction were established and optimized， and their durability and the ability to detect genuine， adulterants， and mixed counterfeits were investigated. ResultThe PCR-RFLP identification method of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma was established. After specific primer amplification， Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma could be digested by Hae Ⅲ and Dra Ⅰ-restricted endonucleases respectively， at annealing temperature of 54 ℃， the number of cycles of 35， and the amount of DNA template of 3-30 ng， producing two fragments or small cut fragments with a single band between 100-250 bp， whereas the mixed counterfeits were not cleaved and both showed a band at 250 bp. The method is highly accurate in identifying adulterants and mixed counterfeits of Arisaematis Rhizoma or Pinelliae Rhizoma. ConclusionThe PCR-RFLP method developed in this study allows for the rapid identification of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Pinelliae Rhizoma.

Objective:To explore the effect of hederagenin (HE) on the proliferation of bladder cancer cell T24 in vitro and in nude mice.Methods:Human bladder cancer cells T24 were divided into control group and experimental group. The experimental group was cultured with DMEM medium containing 25μg/mL hederogenin, and CCK8 was used to detect cell proliferation ability. Nude mice were divided into a control group and an experimental group and injected with T24 cells. The cells of the experimental group were injected with ivy sapogenin at 30 mg/kg every other day. The protein of T24 cells and tumor mass was extracted to detect the expression of p-JNK/JNK and p-p38/p38.Results:After the bladder cancer cells T24 were treated with hederagenin, the CCK8 results showed that the cell proliferation ability of the experimental group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . The expression levels of p-JNK in experimental group and control group were 0.21±0.06 and 0.89±0.15, respectively, and the expression levels of p-p38 were 0.38±0.09 and 1.44±0.26, respectively. The expressions of p-JNK and p-p38 were up-regulated (all P<0.05) . In vivo, it was found that after treatment with ivisaponin, the volume of tumor mass were 1192.07±250.92μm 3 in the subcutaneous tumor experimental group and 2280.50±600.1μm 3 in the control group, and the mass were 0.65±0.29g and 1.62±0.38g, respectively. The mass and volume of the experimental group were decreased (all P<0.05) . We extracted mass proteins, and western blotting results showed that the expression levels of p-JNK in the experimental group and control group were 0.38±0.08 and 1.03±0.19, respectively, and the expression levels of p-p38 were 0.71±0.12 and 1.36±0.25, respectively. The expressions of p-JNK and p-p38 were up-regulated (all P<0.05) . Conclusion:Hederagenin inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer in vitro and in nude mice through the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

ABSTRACT:Objective To detect the expressions of thioredoxin (TRX1)and c-jun-activation-domain binding protein-1 (JAB1)in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)and healthy controls,and measure the TRX1 level in AML patients at different stages for evaluating its clinical significance.Methods The expressions of TRX1 and JAB1 in leukemia samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein levels, respectively.The correlation between TRX1 and JAB1,and the relationship between the gene expression and peripheral blood leukocytes count were also analyzed.Furthermore,serum TRX1 was measured by ELISA.Results TRX1 and JAB1 expressions at both mRNA and protein levels were obviously upregulated in leukemia patients (P<0.05). TRX1 was positively related to JAB1 in both newly diagnosed and recurrent AML patients.And high levels of TRX1 and JAB1 expressions were associated with white blood cell (WBC)counts in AML patients (P<0.05).Moreover, abundance of TRX1 in serum was significantly greater in AML patients,especially in the patients with recurrent AML,than in healthy donors (P<0.05).Conclusion There is a positive correlation between the expressions of TRX1 and JAB1 ,which is closely related to the occurrence and progression of AML.