Urban traffic is closely related to the daily life of the public,and air pollution in the traffic microenvironment has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored.This paper reviews the comparative studies of air pollutant exposure levels among different modes of transportation in multiple cities in China.By com-paring the exposure levels of pollutants among different modes of transportation,this paper provides a reference for protecting the health of the public in daily transportation and selecting targeted control measures.

Objective To investigate the effect of combination of rope-assisted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF)training and rope-assisted brain-computer interface(BCI)training on upper limb function in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Methods From March,2022 to February,2023,96 inpatients with stroke hemiplegia from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were randomly divided into conventional group(n=32),PNF group(n=32)and combined group(n=32).All the groups received routine rehabilitation treatment.The conventional group re-ceived upper limb PNF training,the PNF group received upper limb rope-assisted PNF training,and the com-bined group received both upper limb rope-assisted PNF training and upper limb rope-assisted BCI training,for four weeks.They were assessed with Functiongal Test for the Hemiplegic Upper Extremity-Hong Kong version(FTHUE-HK),Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities(FMA-UE)and modified Barthel Index(MBI)before and after treatment. Results The intra-group effect(F>341.219,P<0.001),inter-group effect(F>21.705,P<0.001)and interaction effect(F>3.171,P<0.05)were significant in the scores of FTHUE-HK and MBI.The intra-group effect(F=520.472,P<0.001)and inter-group effect(F=41.939,P<0.001)were significant in the scores of FMA-UE,and the interaction effect was not(P>0.05).After treatment,the FTHUE-HK,FMA-UE and MBI scores were the best in the combined group(P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of rope-assisted PNF training with rope-assisted BCI device training could further improve the motor function of the upper limbs in stroke patients with hemiplegia,and enhance their activities of daily liv-ing.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）therapy on cerebral infraction in elderly patients and its influence on hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters.Methods:A total of 152 elderly patients with cerebral infarction admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2020 to June 2021 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into HBO group and control group，with 76 cases in each group. The changes of neurologic function scores and ultrasonic hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment，the NIHSS scores of the patients in the HBO treatment group were lower than those of the control group（ P<0.05），while the MoCA（Chinese version）score and Barthel Index in the HBO group were higher than those of the control group（ P<0.05）. The total effective rate，hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters of the patients in the HBO group were superior to those in the control group，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.001）. Conclusion:Compared with conventional treatment，HBO treatment has a more significant effect on cerebral infarction in elderly patients. It can positively promote the recovery of elderly patients’ cognitive function and activities of daily living，improve blood circulation and hemodynamic parameters.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）therapy on cerebral infraction in elderly patients and its influence on hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters.Methods:A total of 152 elderly patients with cerebral infarction admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2020 to June 2021 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into HBO group and control group，with 76 cases in each group. The changes of neurologic function scores and ultrasonic hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment，the NIHSS scores of the patients in the HBO treatment group were lower than those of the control group（ P<0.05），while the MoCA（Chinese version）score and Barthel Index in the HBO group were higher than those of the control group（ P<0.05）. The total effective rate，hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters of the patients in the HBO group were superior to those in the control group，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.001）. Conclusion:Compared with conventional treatment，HBO treatment has a more significant effect on cerebral infarction in elderly patients. It can positively promote the recovery of elderly patients’ cognitive function and activities of daily living，improve blood circulation and hemodynamic parameters.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and adherence to hypoglycemic agents of the ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes.Methods:The study recruited 23 044 ischemic stroke cases from 2013-2015 screening period of China National Stroke Screening Survey. Standardized questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographic data, stroke history, the presence of influence factors, as well as the type of stroke, diagnosis date, frequency, chronic diseases history and hypoglycemic therapy. We used logistics model to investigate the possible risk factors of ischemic stroke combined with diabetes, and calculated the population attributable risk proportion ( PARP). We also investigate the adherence to hypoglycemic agents. Results:The mean age of 23 044 ischemic stroke patients was (64.99±9.42) years old, 50.91% were males (11 731). In ischemic stroke patients, 21.52% had diabetes. According to the results of logistics model, ischemic stroke patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation or family history of stroke had higher risk to combine with diabetes, their Odds Ratios ( OR) were 2.18 (1.87-2.55), 1.99 (1.78-2.23), 1.64 (1.39-1.92) and 1.19 (1.06-1.33). Considering the prevalence of each influence factor in ischemic stroke patients, atrial fibrillation had the highest PARP (95% CI) of 62.65% (61.27%-63.76%). In ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes, 70.73% (3 463/4 896) had taken hypoglycemic agents. Conclusion:There still were a large number of ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes and a low rate of adherence to hypoglycemic agents.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients at different periods after first attack.Methods:The subjects were from the screening population of China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS) from 2013 to 2015. The basic demographic information, stroke history, influencing factors and modified Rankin Scale (mRs) scores were collected by using standardized face-to-face questionnaires. A case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients who relapsed for the first time within 12 months, 24 months and 36 months as the case group and non-recurrent ischemic stroke patients as the control group. Further, the subjects were stratified into different subgroups by age, gender and urban-rural distribution to investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in different periods.Results:Diabetes ( OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.08-2.71) and coronary heart disease ( OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.09-2.19) were significantly associated with the risk of first recurrence within 12 months after the first onset of ischemic stroke. The diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of first recurrence within 24 months ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.33-2.83) and 36 months ( OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.15-2.34) after the first onset of ischemic stroke. With the increase of mRs score, the risk of first recurrence within 12 months, 24 months and 36 months in ischemic stroke patients increased significantly. In the same period, the risk factors of ischemic stroke recurrence differed in patients with different age, gender and urban-rural distribution. Conclusions:The risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients are diverse at different periods after the first onset of ischemic stroke. In different subgroups, the risk factors of first recurrence and the strength of its corresponding association are also different.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and adherence to hypoglycemic agents of the ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes.Methods:The study recruited 23 044 ischemic stroke cases from 2013-2015 screening period of China National Stroke Screening Survey. Standardized questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographic data, stroke history, the presence of influence factors, as well as the type of stroke, diagnosis date, frequency, chronic diseases history and hypoglycemic therapy. We used logistics model to investigate the possible risk factors of ischemic stroke combined with diabetes, and calculated the population attributable risk proportion ( PARP). We also investigate the adherence to hypoglycemic agents. Results:The mean age of 23 044 ischemic stroke patients was (64.99±9.42) years old, 50.91% were males (11 731). In ischemic stroke patients, 21.52% had diabetes. According to the results of logistics model, ischemic stroke patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation or family history of stroke had higher risk to combine with diabetes, their Odds Ratios ( OR) were 2.18 (1.87-2.55), 1.99 (1.78-2.23), 1.64 (1.39-1.92) and 1.19 (1.06-1.33). Considering the prevalence of each influence factor in ischemic stroke patients, atrial fibrillation had the highest PARP (95% CI) of 62.65% (61.27%-63.76%). In ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes, 70.73% (3 463/4 896) had taken hypoglycemic agents. Conclusion:There still were a large number of ischemic stroke patients combined with diabetes and a low rate of adherence to hypoglycemic agents.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients at different periods after first attack.Methods:The subjects were from the screening population of China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS) from 2013 to 2015. The basic demographic information, stroke history, influencing factors and modified Rankin Scale (mRs) scores were collected by using standardized face-to-face questionnaires. A case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients who relapsed for the first time within 12 months, 24 months and 36 months as the case group and non-recurrent ischemic stroke patients as the control group. Further, the subjects were stratified into different subgroups by age, gender and urban-rural distribution to investigate the risk factors of first recurrence in different periods.Results:Diabetes ( OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.08-2.71) and coronary heart disease ( OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.09-2.19) were significantly associated with the risk of first recurrence within 12 months after the first onset of ischemic stroke. The diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of first recurrence within 24 months ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.33-2.83) and 36 months ( OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.15-2.34) after the first onset of ischemic stroke. With the increase of mRs score, the risk of first recurrence within 12 months, 24 months and 36 months in ischemic stroke patients increased significantly. In the same period, the risk factors of ischemic stroke recurrence differed in patients with different age, gender and urban-rural distribution. Conclusions:The risk factors of first recurrence in ischemic stroke patients are diverse at different periods after the first onset of ischemic stroke. In different subgroups, the risk factors of first recurrence and the strength of its corresponding association are also different.

Objective: To summarize the effect of simultaneous orthognathic surgery along with mandibular ramus reconstruction using costochondral graft, for adult M3 hemifacial macrosomia. Methods: From November 2015 to October 2017, 5 adults diagnosed with M3 hemifacial macrosomia were treated. There were 3 males and 2 females, aged from 19 to 26 years. Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy and SSRO with simultaneous mandibular ramus reconstruction using contralateral sixth or seventh costochondral graft was performed to correct the facial asymmetry and occluding relation. The data of clinical examination and CTs were collected at the time point of immediately postoperative, 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery. The facial symmetry, joint function, occlusion and 3D measurements in CT image reconstruction were analysed to evaluate the surgery outcome. Results: The length of rib and costal cartilage ranged from 47 mm to 67 mm. All the costal cartilage grafts survived, and 4 patients got primary healing. All patients were followed for 2-13 months (with the mean follow-up of 8 months). The ratio of ramus length of affected side to normal side was over 80%. The occlusion was stable. The facial structures were satisfactory after 6 months. Conclusions Orthognathic surgery with simultaneous mandibular ramus reconstruction using costochondral graft is suitable for the adult severe hemifacial macrosomia, with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. This method is easily performed with reliable graft survival rate, aesthetic facial structure and stable occlusion.

Objective: To investigate the association between the combination of different health-related behaviors and the risk of stroke in people with hypertension. Methods: The data in this study were obtained from the China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS). The case group was the people with hypertension who were also diagnosed as the first-ever stroke cases (total stroke and ischemic stroke) during 2013-2014 screening period. Their corresponding controls (1∶3 frequency-matched for age group and urban/rural ratio) were randomly selected from individuals with hypertension without stroke. The information on demographic data, stroke history, influence factors and health-related behaviors (non-smoking, normal body mass index maintenance and physical activity) was obtained using standardized face-to-face questionnaires. Univariate analysis included t-test and Chi-square test. Multivariate analysis included unconditional logistic regression. Results: There were 603 total stroke cases (1 909 controls) and 536 ischemic stroke cases (1 608 controls) in men with hypertension, and 600 total stroke cases (1 800 controls) and 534 ischemic stroke cases (1 602 controls) in women with hypertension. We found that women with three health-related behaviors had lower risk of total stroke (OR=0.29, 95%CI: 0.11-0.79) and ischemic stroke (OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.10-0.77). Only the combination of non-smoking and physical activity was significantly associated with the decreased risk of total stroke (OR=0.30, 95%CI: 0.11-0.78) and ischemic stroke (OR=0.32, 95%CI: 0.12-0.87). We had not found significant association between the combination of different health-related behaviors and risk of total stroke and ischemic stroke (P>0.05) in men. Conclusion This study indicated that health-related behavior intervention might be more effectively to prevent stroke in women with hypertension, especially the smoking control and physical activity.