Animal experimentation constitutes a critical link between basic research and clinical application, making its research quality and translational efficiency paramount. Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing operational procedures and ethical guidelines, the standardization of outcome evaluation systems has significantly lagged, creating a key bottleneck that constrains the quality of biomedical research and evidence synthesis. This deficiency is manifested by pronounced heterogeneity in outcome selection across similar studies, incomplete methodological reporting, and disparate criteria for result interpretation, which severely impairs the comparability of findings and the evidence integration. To cope with this challenge, this paper systematically introduces a mature methodological tool from clinical research–the core outcome set (COS)–and explores its construction strategies and application potential in the field of animal experimentation. Given the extensive diversity of animal experiments, a pragmatic strategy of "focusing on key areas, implementing phased pilots, and promoting gradual expansion" should be adopted. This approach prioritizes the development of domain-specific COS for disease areas characterized by high research volume, urgent translational needs, and well-established animal models. A multi-source integration pathway for COS development is detailed, comprising systematic literature searches, methodological appraisals, and expert consensus, with the feasibility of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency also being examined. The development and promotion of such COS are not intended to restrict scientific exploration; rather, they aim to establish a new, tiered evaluation paradigm consisting of "core outcomes" (mandatory), "recommended outcomes" (encouraged), and "exploratory outcomes" (optional). This framework is expected not only to enhance research quality through standardization and to adhere to the "3R" principles but also to accelerate the accumulation of high-quality evidence. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for higher-level evidence synthesis, ultimately facilitating the effective translation of basic research findings into clinical practice and providing an essential methodological framework for scientific advancement in relevant disciplines.

Animal experiments are essential tools in biomedical research, serving as a bridge between basic research and clinical trials. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) of animal experiments are crucial methods for integrating evidence from animal experiment, which can facilitate the translation of findings into clinical research, reduce translational risks, and promote resource integration in basic research. With the continuous development of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, its application in SRs/MAs of animal experiments has gained increasing attention. This article first outlines the principles and specific applications of the GRADE methodology in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, including qualitative descriptive systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and network meta-analyses. It then deeply analyzes the misuse of the GRADE methodology in practice, including incorrect evidence grading, improper classification of evidence, misapplication in qualitative systematic reviews, inconsistencies between the documentation of the upgrading and downgrading process and results, and inappropriate use for making recommendations. Furthermore, this article comprehensively discusses the factors influencing the grading of evidence certainty in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, including the impact of bias risk, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and publication bias on evidence downgrading, as well as the role of large effect sizes and cross-species consistency in evidence upgrading. Finally, in response to the issues discussed, improvement strategies are proposed, including further research and optimization of the GRADE methodology for SRs/MAs of animal experiments, the development of reporting guidelines tailored to the characteristics of SRs/MAs in animal experiment research, and enhanced professional training for researchers in the GRADE methodology. This article aims to improve the quality of evidence in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, strengthen their reliability in clinical decision-making, and promote the more efficient translation of findings from animal experiment research into clinical practice.

Objective:Due to the large number of patents, wide distribution of technical fields, limited management resources, differences in the nature of different patent holders and so on, this study aims to find a fast and reliable evaluation mechanism for identifying the quality and transfer potential of patents supported by the fund.Methods:Through literature review, expert consultation, analysis and discussion of existing mechanisms and technical issues in the field of patent evaluation, we further determined patent evaluation mechanisms and their primary indicators with better applicability.Results:A drafting mechanism was proposed, that patents which had not yet found evidence of fatal evaluation or have abandoned evaluation can be temporarily given a reliable quality evaluation.Conclusions:Compared with high cost methods such as patent invalidation or infringement investigation, there are more economical and efficient negative evaluation indicators, which make different evaluation tool users to believe that patents do not have conversion value when negative evidence is found. It can also enable different evaluation tool users to temporarily give reliable evaluations of patent conversion prospects based on a hypothetical mechanism without discovering negative evidence temporarily. This evaluation mechanism is suitable for assessing patent quality and conversion potential, and is more scientific and efficient.

Natural products(NPs)have historically been a fundamental source for drug discovery.Yet the complex nature of NPs presents substantial challenges in pinpointing bioactive constituents,and corresponding targets.In the present study,an innovative natural product virtual screening-interaction-phenotype(NP-VIP)strategy that integrates virtual screening,chemical proteomics,and metabolomics to identify and validate the bioactive targets of NPs.This approach reduces false positive results and enhances the ef-ficiency of target identification.Salvia miltiorrhiza(SM),a herb with recognized therapeutic potential against ischemic stroke(IS),was used to illustrate the workflow.Utilizing virtual screening,chemical proteomics,and metabolomics,potential therapeutic targets for SM in the IS treatment were identified,totaling 29,100,and 78,respectively.Further analysis via the NP-VIP strategy highlighted five high-confidence targets,including poly[ADP-ribose]polymerase 1(PARP1),signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),amyloid precursor protein(APP),glutamate-ammonia ligase(GLUL),and glutamate decarboxylase 67(GAD67).These targets were subsequently validated and found to play critical roles in the neuroprotective effects of SM.The study not only underscores the importance of SM in treating IS but also sets a precedent for NP research,proposing a comprehensive approach that could be adapted for broader pharmacological explorations.

Allergic rhinitis (AR), a globally prevalent immune-mediated inflammatory condition, is still an incurable disease. In the present study, we have validated the impact of the Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1)-related oxidative stress and inflammatory response in clinical AR patient peripheral blood and nasal swab samples, emphasizing the biological relevance of Keap1 and AR. Targeting Keap1 -nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) related anti-oxidative stress may be effective for AR intervention. Drawing inspiration from the Keap1 homodimerization and the E3 ligase characteristics, we herein present a design of novel bivalent molecules for chemical knockdown of Keap1. For the first time, we characterized ternary complexes of Keap1 dimer and one molecule of bivalent compounds. The best bivalent molecule 8 encompasses robust capacity to degrade Keap1 as a homoPROTAC^KEAP1. It efficaciously suppresses inflammatory cytokines in extensively different cells, including human nasal epithelial cells. Moreover, in an AR mouse model, we confirmed that the chemical degradation induced by homoPROTAC^KEAP1 led to therapeutic benefits in managing AR symptoms, oxidative stress and inflammation. In summary, our findings underscore the efficacy of targeting the Keap1 system through the homoPROTAC-ing technology as an innovative and promising treatment strategy for the incurable allergic disorders.

Natural products (NPs) have historically been a fundamental source for drug discovery. Yet the complex nature of NPs presents substantial challenges in pinpointing bioactive constituents, and corresponding targets. In the present study, an innovative natural product virtual screening-interaction-phenotype (NP-VIP) strategy that integrates virtual screening, chemical proteomics, and metabolomics to identify and validate the bioactive targets of NPs. This approach reduces false positive results and enhances the efficiency of target identification. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), a herb with recognized therapeutic potential against ischemic stroke (IS), was used to illustrate the workflow. Utilizing virtual screening, chemical proteomics, and metabolomics, potential therapeutic targets for SM in the IS treatment were identified, totaling 29, 100, and 78, respectively. Further analysis via the NP-VIP strategy highlighted five high-confidence targets, including poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), amyloid precursor protein (APP), glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL), and glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). These targets were subsequently validated and found to play critical roles in the neuroprotective effects of SM. The study not only underscores the importance of SM in treating IS but also sets a precedent for NP research, proposing a comprehensive approach that could be adapted for broader pharmacological explorations.

Objective:Due to the large number of patents, wide distribution of technical fields, limited management resources, differences in the nature of different patent holders and so on, this study aims to find a fast and reliable evaluation mechanism for identifying the quality and transfer potential of patents supported by the fund.Methods:Through literature review, expert consultation, analysis and discussion of existing mechanisms and technical issues in the field of patent evaluation, we further determined patent evaluation mechanisms and their primary indicators with better applicability.Results:A drafting mechanism was proposed, that patents which had not yet found evidence of fatal evaluation or have abandoned evaluation can be temporarily given a reliable quality evaluation.Conclusions:Compared with high cost methods such as patent invalidation or infringement investigation, there are more economical and efficient negative evaluation indicators, which make different evaluation tool users to believe that patents do not have conversion value when negative evidence is found. It can also enable different evaluation tool users to temporarily give reliable evaluations of patent conversion prospects based on a hypothetical mechanism without discovering negative evidence temporarily. This evaluation mechanism is suitable for assessing patent quality and conversion potential, and is more scientific and efficient.

Objective:To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of data obtained from liquid-interference surfaces using an intraoral 3D scanner(IOS)integrated with a compressed airflow system,so as to pro-vide clinical proof of accuracy for the application of the compressed airflow system-based scanning head in improving data quality on liquid-interference surfaces.Methods:The study selected a standard model as the scanning object,adhering to the"YY/T 1818-2022 Dental Science Intraoral Digital Impression Scanner"guidelines,a standard that defined parameters for intraoral scanning.To establish a baseline for accuracy,the ATOS Q 12M scanner,known for its high precision,was used to generate true reference values.These true values served as the benchmark for evaluating the IOS performance.Building on the design of an existing scanner,a new scanning head was developed to integrate with a compressed airflow system.This new design aimed to help the IOS capture high-precision data on sur-faces where liquid-interference,such as saliva,might otherwise degrade scanning accuracy.The tradi-tional scanning method,without airflow assistance,was employed as a control group for comparison.The study included five groups in total,one control group and four experimental groups,to investigate the effects of scanning lens obstruction,airflow presence,liquid media,and the use of the new scan-ning head on scanning process and accuracy.Each group underwent 15 scans,generating ample data for a robust statistical comparison.By evaluating trueness and precision in each group,the study as-sessed the impact of the compressed airflow system on the accuracy of IOS data collected from liquid-interference surfaces.Additionally,we selected Elite and Primescan scanners as references for numeri-cal accuracy values.Results:The scanning accuracy on liquid-interference surfaces was significantly reduced in terms of both trueness and precision[Trueness:18.5(6.5)vs.38.0(6.7),P＜0.05;Preci-sion:19.1(8.5)vs.31.7(15.0),P＜0.05].The use of the new scanning head assisted by the com-pressed airflow system significantly improved the scanning accuracy[Trueness:22.3(7.6)vs.38.0(6.7),P＜0.05;Precision:25.8(9.6)vs.31.7(15.0),P＜0.05].Conclusion:The scanning head based on the compressed airflow system can assist in improving the accuracy of data obtained from liquid-inter-ference surfaces by the IOS.

Medical institutions are not only the research and development end,but also the application end of innovative achievements,which makes the transformation of medical scientific and technological achievements different from the others in colleges and universities.It also faces new problems and challenges in ethical governance.Meanwhile,the ethics of promoting the transformation of medical scientific and technological achievements also needs to be paid attention to and maintained.Improving people's health level and quality of life are the ultimate ethical goals of process supervision.The objectives,systems,and behaviors of ethical evaluation need to have their own emphasis to avoid repeated evaluation,improve evaluation efficiency,and ensure the ethics of evaluation work itself.This paper discusses the specific classification and common forms of ethical challenges in the supervision of the transformation process of achievements in medical institutions.It is suggested to focus on ethical values to improve the legal system,clarify the relationship between the public welfare and transformation profitability of medical institutions,and explore new positions of the transformation advantages in medical institutions.

In fixed prosthodontics, clear exposure of the preparation margin is the prerequisite for obtaining accurate digital impressions and improving the marginal fit of restorations. To resolve the issues associated with the cord retraction technique, such as pain, acute injury, and prolonged procedural time, this study proposes a new technology for intraoral digital impression taking with pneumatic gingival retraction. The new scanning head blows a high-speed airflow that instantaneously separates the free gingiva, locally exposing the subgingival preparation margin. Combined with the farthest point preservation stitching algorithm based on the distance from the normal vector and high-speed laser scanning photography, it achieves global preparation edge data and gingival reconstruction, realizing painless, non-invasive, and efficient precise acquisition of the preparation margin. Using this new technique, a patient with a full porcelain crown restoration on a posterior tooth was treated. The digital impression revealed a clear margin of the preparation, and the crown made from this data has a good marginal fit.