BACKGROUND: To explore the associations of green tea, coffee, black tea, and oolong tea consumption with mortality from chronic kidney disease (CKD) as the underlying cause among Japanese adults. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 110,585 men and women aged 40-79 years at recruitment from 1986 to 1990. Baseline information on the consumption of tea and coffee, lifestyles, and medical histories was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. We used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate sex-specific hazard ratios and 95% CIs of mortality from CKD associated with the consumption of green tea, coffee, black tea, or oolong tea. RESULTS: After a median 19-year follow-up, the hazard ratios of mortality from CKD in women were 0.49 (95% CI, 0.22-1.06) for 1-2 cups of green tea per day, 0.56 (0.31-0.99) for 3-4 cups per day, and 0.55 (0.32-0.93) for ≥5 cups per day, compared with <1 cup per day. No such association was found in men. Coffee, black tea, and oolong tea consumption were not associated with CKD risk in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of green tea was associated with a lower risk of mortality from CKD in women.
Humans ; Tea ; Coffee ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology* ; Aged ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Proportional Hazards Models ; East Asian People

BACKGROUND

Serum-sodium reporting tolerates a total allowable error (TEa) of only ±4 mmol/L, yet many laboratories continue to operate at the marginal three-sigma level because the quantitative benefit of additional sigma capability is poorly characterized.

The study aims to translate sigma metrics into clinically intuitive risk estimates by (1) quantifying the proportion of QC results that exceed the TEa at five sigma levels (2 – 6 σ) and (2) determining whether successive sigma gains produce statistically significant reductions in error.

Five (5) hypothetical assays were parameterized with a common mean of 140 mmol/L and CVs corresponding to 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-sigma performance. For each assay, 1,000 Monte-Carlo iterations were run, each iteration simulating 36,500 QC results (assuming 100 runs/day for 365 days) drawn from N(μ = 140, σ = μ × CV). The error rate (the proportion of results outside ±4 mmol/L) was recorded per iteration. Distributions were summarized (mean, range, SD); differences were evaluated with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD.

Mean (±SD) error rates declined significantly with increasing sigma: Assay A (2 σ): 0.0456 ± 0.0011; Assay B (3 σ): 0.00270 ± 0.00027;Assay C (4 σ): 6.3 × 10-5 ± 4.1 × 10-5; Assay D (5 σ): 5.8 × 10-7 ± 8.0 × 10-7; and Assay E (6 σ): 2.0 × 10-7 ± 3.1 × 10-7. The maximum single-iteration error rate fell from 0.0505 at 2 σ to 1.1 × 10-4 at 4 σ. The 5 σ and 6 σ processes produced zero TEa violations in ≥96 % of iterations. ANOVA confirmed a global difference (p < 0.001); all pairwise contrasts were significant (p < 0.001) except between 5 σ vs 6 σ (p = 0.62).

Each one-sigma gain yields an order-of-magnitude reduction in TEa violations until a plateau is reached at ≥5 σ, where residual analytical risk is negligible. These simulations support the recommendation that laboratories operating serum-sodium assays below 4 σ should prioritize precision improvements or enhanced QC strategies, whereas ≥5 σ assays may safely adopt less intensive QC without compromising patient safety.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent and debilitating disease that necessitates effective prevention and treatment strategies. Green tea, a well-known beverage derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, contains bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, including catechins and polyphenols. This comprehensive review aims to explore the potential benefits of green tea in prostate cancer prevention and treatment by examining existing literature. Green tea possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties attributed to its catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate. Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse association between green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk, with potential protection against aggressive forms of the disease. Laboratory studies demonstrate that green tea components inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, and modulate signaling pathways critical to prostate cancer development and progression. Clinical trials and human studies further support the potential benefits of green tea. Green tea consumption has been found to be associated with a reduction in prostate-specific antigen levels, tumor markers, and played a potential role in slowing disease progression. However, challenges remain, including optimal dosage determination, formulation standardization, and conducting large-scale, long-term clinical trials. The review suggests future research should focus on combinatorial approaches with conventional therapies and personalized medicine strategies to identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit from green tea interventions.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Tea/chemistry* ; Catechin/pharmacology*

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the predominant polyphenol in green tea, exerts a spectrum of physiological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Emerging research underscores the significance of EGCG in modulating oocyte aging. EGCG can enhance antioxidant defenses, improve mitochondrial functions, and inhibit apoptotic pathways, thereby retarding the aging of oocytes. This review delineates the main molecular features of EGCG and expounds its regulatory mechanisms concerning oocyte aging, enriching the knowledge on the role of EGCG in the amelioration of oocyte aging.
Catechin/pharmacology* ; Oocytes/metabolism* ; Humans ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Female ; Cellular Senescence/drug effects* ; Tea/chemistry* ; Apoptosis/drug effects*

Objective: A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to assess the relationship between tea consumption and cancer. Methods: There were 100 639 participants with the information of gene sequencing of whole genome in the China Kadoorie Biobank. After excluding those with cancer at baseline survey, a total of 100 218 participants were included in this study. The baseline information about tea consumption were analyzed, including daily tea consumption or not, cups of daily tea consumption, and grams of daily tea consumption. We used the two-stage least square method to evaluate the associations between three tea consumption variables and incidence of cancer and some subtypes, including stomach cancer, liver and intrahepatic bile ducts cancer, colorectal cancer, tracheobronchial and lung cancer, and female breast cancer. Multivariable MR and analysis only among nondrinkers were used to control the impact of alcohol consumption. Sensitivity analyses were also performed, including inverse variance weighting, weighted median, and MR-Egger. Results: We used 54, 42, and 28 SNPs to construct non-weighted genetic risk scores as instrumental variables for daily tea consumption or not, cups of daily tea consumption, and grams of daily tea consumption, respectively. During an average of (11.4±3.0) years of follow-up, 6 886 cases of cancer were recorded. After adjusting for age, age², sex, region, array type, and the first 12 genetic principal components, there were no significant associations of three tea consumption variables with the incidence of cancer and cancer subtypes. Compared with non-daily tea drinkers, the HR (95%CI) of daily tea drinkers for cancer and some subtypes, including stomach cancer, liver and intrahepatic bile ducts cancer, colorectal cancer, tracheobronchial and lung cancer, and female breast cancer, are respectively 0.99 (0.78-1.26), 1.17 (0.58-2.36), 0.86 (0.40-1.84), 0.85 (0.42-1.73), 1.39 (0.85-2.26) and 0.63 (0.28-1.38). After controlling the impact of alcohol consumption and performing multiple sensitivity analyses, the results were similar. Conclusion: There is no causal relationship between tea consumption and risk of cancer in population in China.
Humans ; Female ; Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis/methods* ; Tea ; Breast Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Genome-Wide Association Study

Aims: Due to the world's direction of alternative medicine and herbal medication, tea leaves have been employed to inhibit certain bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of green, red and black tea as antibacterial against UTIs in pregnant women and changes in blood pressure and iron level in the blood of their women. Methodology and results: Forty-eight isolates were isolated from 50 women suffering from urinary tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus (18) 37.5%, Escherichia coli (15) 31.25%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8) 16.6%, Klebsiella sp. (5) 10.4% and Enterobacter sp. (2) 4.16%. The sensitivity of bacteria to the antibiotics Amikacin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantion, Penicillin and Tetracycline were tested, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa (8), Enterobacter sp. were resistance for Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin /Clavulanic (100%). While Enterobacter sp. is sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Imipenem (100%). The ability of the isolates to form biofilms was tested using the Congo red agar method and the micro titrations plate method. The results showed that not all isolates have the ability to produce biofilms and red tea is the most powerful antibacterial under study. Drinking green tea for two weeks regularly in pregnant women who suffer from high blood pressure showed an improvement in blood pressure, as it became normal 118/78 and with the normal iron level in the blood at a rate of hemoglobin = 11.8, while drinking red tea did not change blood pressure measurements in pregnant women with high blood pressure. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The effect of red tea extract was stronger than other teas used in the study as an antibacterial against urinary tract bacteria. Regular consumed of green tea helps regulate blood pressure, especially for pregnant women who are at risk of hypertension during pregnancy.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Tea ; Hypertension ; Pregnant Women

Objective: To describe fertility and explore factors associated with it among pre-conception couples of childbearing age. Methods: Based on the pre-conceptional offspring trajectory study of the School of Public Health of Fudan University, couples of childbearing age who participated in the pre-conception physical examination in Shanghai Jiading District from 2016 to 2021 were recruited and followed up. Couples' time to pregnancy (TTP) was analyzed and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the factors associated with TTP. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate each menstrual cycle's cumulative pregnancy rate. Results: A total of 1 095 preconception couples were included in the analysis, the M(Q₁,Q₃)of TTP was 4.33 (2.41, 9.78) menstrual cycles. Age of women (FR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95, P<0.001), women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy (FR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.24-0.55, P<0.001), women who were exposed to second-hand smoking (FR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.92, P=0.016), women whose home or office had been renovated in the past 2 years and had a particular smell (FR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.26-0.81, P=0.008) were risk factors for impaired fertility. Regular menstrual cycles (FR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.16-2.31, P=0.005), females who often drank tea/coffee (FR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.11-2.17, P=0.011) and males who took folic acid before conception (FR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.38-4.23, P=0.002) were associated with better fertility. The cumulative pregnancy rate of 3, 6, and 12 menstrual cycles was 37.6%, 64.4%, and 78.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Older couples, overweight or obesity before pregnancy, irregular menstruation, exposure to secondhand smoke and decoration pollutants in females are associated with impaired fertility. Frequent tea/coffee drinking before pregnancy in females and taking folic acid before pregnancy in males are associated with shortened conception time.
Pregnancy ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Cohort Studies ; Overweight/complications* ; Coffee ; Intention ; China/epidemiology* ; Fertility ; Obesity/complications* ; Tea

Objective: To understand the depression status and its influencing factors in elderly patients with MS in China and to explore the correlation between various components of elderly MS and depression. Methods: This study is based on the "Prevention and Intervention of Key Diseases in Elderly" project. We used a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method to complete 16 199 elderly aged 60 years and above in 16 counties (districts) in Liaoning, Henan, and Guangdong Provinces in 2019, excluding 1 001 missing variables. Finally, 15 198 valid samples were included for analysis. The respondents' MS disease was obtained through questionnaires and physical examinations, and the respondents' depression status within the past half month was assessed using the PHQ-9 Depression Screening Scale. The correlation between elderly MS and its components and depression and its influencing factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 15 198 elderly aged 60 years and above were included in this study, with the prevalence of MS at 10.84% and the detection rate of depressive symptoms in MS patients at 25.49%. The detection rates of depressive symptoms in patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 MS abnormal group scores were 14.56%, 15.17%, 18.01%, 25.21%, and 26.65%, respectively. The number of abnormal components of MS was positively correlated with the detection rate of depressive symptoms, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The risk of depression symptoms in patients with MS, overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 1.73 times (OR=1.73, 95%CI:1.51-1.97), 1.13 times (OR=1.13, 95%CI:1.03-1.24), 1.25 times (OR=1.25, 95%CI:1.14-1.38), 1.41 times (OR=1.41, 95%CI:1.24-1.60), 1.81 times (OR=1.81,95%CI:1.61-2.04), respectively, more than those without the disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with sleep disorders was higher than that with normal sleep (OR=4.89, 95%CI: 3.79-6.32). The detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with cognitive dysfunction was 2.12 times higher than that in the average population (OR=2.12, 95%CI: 1.56-2.89). The detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) was 2.31 times (OR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.64-3.26) higher than that in the average population. Tea drinking (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.54-0.98) and physical exercise (OR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.49-0.90) seemed to be protective factors for depression in elderly MS patients (P<0.05). Conclusions: Older patients with MS and its component abnormalities have a higher risk of depression than the average population. Sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, and IADL impairment are important influencing factors for depression in elderly MS patients, while tea drinking and physical exercise may help to reduce the risk of the disease.
Aged ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology* ; Activities of Daily Living/psychology* ; Depression/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Tea ; Risk Factors

Humans ; Teas, Herbal/analysis* ; Beverages/analysis* ; Tea ; Liver Neoplasms

Background: Common warts are a common malady among patients. Not only does it affect the person physically but also mentally and socially. Several treatment modalities are available; however, the major concerns are the treatment cost and adverse effect profile. Salicylic + lactic acid (SLA) solution is one of the standard treatment modalities owing to its strong keratolytic properties; however, its cost and adverse effects limit its use among patients. A cost-effective and safe alternative treatment is ideal to bring about a more favorable clinical outcome and better patient satisfaction. 100% tea tree oil (TTO) solution was used in this study due to its natural antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: The study aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of 100% TTO versus SLA solution in the treatment of common warts. Methods: A total of 17 patients with a total of 74 warts were included in the study. Each wart was assigned to either of the two treatment groups. the SLA group and the 100% TTO group. A treatment period of 6 weeks was used to assess the effectiveness of both treatment groups. Results: The study showed no significant difference between the SLA solution and 100% TTO in the treatment of common warts. The 100% tea tree group reported lesser adverse effects. Both treatment groups reported favorable treatment satisfaction. Conclusion 100% TTO is a potentially safe and cost-effective alternative in the treatment of common warts.
Lactic Acid ; Salicylic Acid ; Tea Tree Oil