Background Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause liver injury and liver failure, which is one of the most common causes of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Pharmacological activation of autophagy by inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protects against APAP-induced liver injury likely via autophagic removal of APAP-adducts and damaged mitochondria. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of genetic ablation of mTOR pathways in mouse liver in APAP-induced liver injury and liver repair/regeneration. Methods Albumin-Cre (Alb-Cre) mice, mTORf/f and Raptorf/f mice (C57BL/6J background) were crossbred to produce liver-specific mTOR knockout (L-mTOR KO, Alb Cre+/-, mTORf/f) and liver-specific Raptor KO (L-Raptor, Alb Cre+/-, Raptor f/f) mice. Alb-Cre littermates were used as wild-type (WT) mice. These mice were treated with APAP for various time points for up to 48 h. Liver injury, cell proliferation, autophagy and mTOR activation were determined. Results We found that genetic deletion of neither Raptor, an important adaptor protein in mTOR complex 1, nor mTOR, in the mouse liver significantly protected against APAP-induced liver injury despite increased hepatic autophagic flux. Genetic deletion of Raptor or mTOR in mouse livers did not affect APAP metabolism and APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, but slightly improved mouse survival likely due to increased hepatocyte proliferation. Conclusions Our results indicate that genetic ablation of mTOR in mouse livers does not protect against APAP-induced liver injury but may slightly improve liver regeneration and mouse survival after APAP overdose.

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion(IR)injury is a major complication during liver transplantation,liver resection,and other clinical situations.Increased hepatic IR injury in steatotic livers is a major reason for rejecting the use of steatotic livers for liver transplantation.Necroptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases,including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and alcoholic liver disease(ALD).Necroptosis is one type of regulated cell death and is regulated by three key proteins:receptor-interacting protein 1(RIP1),receptor-interacting protein 3(RIP3),and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein(MLKL).In this review,we examine the necroptosis status in the steatotic liver diseases NAFLD and ALD as well as its role in hepatic IR injury of lean and steatotic livers.