BACKGROUND: Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). We examined the time trends of TBL mortality across the BRICS to better understand the disease burden in these countries and inform public health and healthcare resource allocation. METHODS: TBL mortality-related data between 1990 and 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed using age-period-cohort models. Net drift (local drift) was used to describe the expected age-adjusted TBL mortality rate over time overall (each age group); the longitudinal age curve was used to reflect the age effect; the period rate ratios (RRs) were used to reflect the period effect; and the cohort RR was used to reflect the cohort effect. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 958.3 thousand TBL deaths across the BRICS, representing 46.9% of the global TBL deaths. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of TBL decreased in Russia, Brazil, and South Africa while increased in China and India, with the largest reduction reported in Russia (-29.6%) and the largest increase in China (+22.4%). India showed an overall increase (+15.7%) in TBL mortality but the mortality risk decreased among individuals born after 1990 (men) and 1995 (women). Although South Africa and Brazil experienced an overall decline in TBL mortality, their recent birth cohorts, such as Brazilian individuals born after 1985 (men) and 1980 (women), and South African men born after 1995, had an increasing TBL mortality risk. China has experienced an overall increase in TBL mortality, with the mortality risk rising among individuals born after 1995 for both men and women. Russia, which had the highest TBL mortality among the BRICS countries in 1990, has demonstrated significant improvement over the past three decades. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 30 years, the BRICS accounted for an increasing proportion of global TBL mortality. TBL mortality increased in older women in all the BRICS countries except Russia. Among the recent birth cohort, the risk of TBL mortality increased in Brazil, China, and South Africa. More effective efforts are needed in the BRICS to reduce the burden of TBL and help achieve the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Female ; China/epidemiology* ; Middle Aged ; Global Burden of Disease ; Aged ; India/epidemiology* ; Adult ; South Africa/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Russia/epidemiology* ; Brazil/epidemiology* ; Tracheal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Bronchial Neoplasms/mortality* ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the diagnosis and treatment of four children with tracheal stenosis admitted to Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from 2017 to 2020. The role of bronchoscopy was summarized in the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative positioning and measurement, and postoperative wound evaluation and treatment during slide tracheoplasty. RESULTS: Bronchoscopy evaluation before slide tracheoplasty showed that 3 of the 4 children had complete trachea rings, 2 had pulmonary artery sling, and 2 had multiple stenosis. Slide tracheoplasty was performed in the hospital on 3 children, and the midpoint of the stenosis segment was judged under bronchoscopy, and the length of the stenosis segment was measured, which assisted in the resection of the stenosis segment of the trachea. The pathogens were identified by lavage after the surgery. One child who developed scar traction 9 months after slide tracheoplasty in another hospital was improved by interventional treatment under bronchoscopy. Mucosal changes were found under bronchoscopy in 2 children 4 days after surgery, and the treatment plan was adjusted. One month after surgery, 2 children had granulation hyperplasia, which was improved by cryotherapy under bronchoscopy. One child abandoned treatment due to anastomotic necrosis and died. Three survivors were followed up for over 6 months with good prognosis, but all had tracheobronchial malacia. CONCLUSIONS Bronchoscopy can be used for the management of slide tracheoplasty in children with tracheal stenosis, which is helpful to postoperative rehabilitation and follow-up.
Child ; Humans ; Bronchoscopy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Retrospective Studies ; Trachea/surgery* ; Tracheal Stenosis/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

Endoscopy ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Trachea ; Tracheal Stenosis/surgery* ; Tracheostomy/adverse effects*

Objective: To compare the accuracy of the centerline extracted based on CT 3D reconstruction and conventional CT 3D reconstruction in measuring the length and degree of laryngotracheal stenosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 35 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis (including 19 cases without tracheotomy and 16 cases with tracheotomy) treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from March 2006 to March 2016, including 20 males and 15 females, whose ages ranged from 1 to 73 years, with a median age of 40.5 years. And CT data of 20 normal subjects were included in the same period, including 10 males and 10 females, whose ages ranged from 20 to 63 years, with a median age of 37.0 years. The continuous cross-sectional area of the airway perpendicular to the centerline was obtained by Mimics software. The area was compared with the discontinuous cross-sectional areas reconstructed by conventional CT 3D reconstruction software advantage workstation, also the length of cervical trachea, the length of stenosis, and the minimum airway area were compared. Multi-factor linear stepwise regression method was used to analyze the factors influencing the measuring difference between the two methods. Three patients with laryngotracheal stenosis were selected, and the measured stenosis length was compared with the surgical specimens to evaluate the accuracy of the two methods. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: In normal people, the areas of thyroid cartilage notch, glottis, inferio thyroid cartilage margin, inferio cricoid cartilage margin, and suprasternal notch planes measured by Mimics centerline method were smaller than those measured by conventional CT 3D reconstruction (t _{thyroid cartilage notch}=4.685, t_glottis=3.791, t_{lower thyroid cartilage margin}=5.621, t_{lower cricoid cartilage margin}=6.312, t_{suprasternal notch plane}=6.436, P<0.05). And the airway length measured by Mimics centerline method from the inferior thyroid cartilage to the superior sternal notch was longer (t=9.79, P<0.001). In laryngotracheal stenosis, in the non-tracheotomy group, the minimum airway area measured by Mimics centerline method was smaller and the stenosis length was longer than those measured by the conventional CT 3D reconstruction, and the difference was statistically significant (t_{minimum airway area}=2.562, t_{stenosis length}=5.240, P<0.05). In the tracheotomy group, the stenosis length measured by Mimics centerline method was longer than that measured by conventional CT 3D reconstruction, and the difference was statistically significant (t_{stenosis length}=2.854, P<0.05). Multi-factor linear regression analysis showed that different CT thickness had a statistically significant effect on the difference in the length of stenosis measured by the two methods (b=-5.370, t=-3.306, P=0.004), and different tracheal forward angle had a statistically significant effect on the difference in the minimum airway area measured by the two methods (b=-0.419, t=-2.208, P=0.04). The difference between the measured length of the Mimics centerline method and the intraoperative specimens was less than 0.5 mm. Conclusion: The centerline extracted based on CT 3D reconstruction can precisely reflect the laryngotracheal morphology and measure laryngotracheal stenosis more accurately.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Infant ; Laryngostenosis/surgery* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tracheal Stenosis/surgery* ; Young Adult

Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery* ; Trachea/surgery* ; Tracheal Neoplasms/surgery*

Objective: To examine the outcomes of Slide tracheoplasty for the children with severe congenital tracheal stenosis received previous repeated balloon dilatation or metal stent placement under endoscopy. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 9 children with congenital tracheal stenosis undergoing previous interventional therapy under tracheoscopy and later received Slide tracheoplasty due to obvious respiratory symptoms at Department of Cardiac Surgery, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University between February 2017 and July 2021. There were 7 males and 2 females with a median age at operation of 72.4 months (range: 13.3 to 98.9 months), and the median weight was 19.0 kg (range: 9.0 to 33.0 kg). Among the 9 patients, 2 patients began to receive repeated balloon dilatation (more than 3 times) 17.8 and 51.8 months ago respectively. One patient received metal stents placement into the trachea for 4 days and the other 6 children for median 56.8 months (range: 21.6 to 74.2 months). Complete tracheal cartilage rings and long segmental stenosis were present. in all 9 children. Operative details and outcome measures, including the need for endoscopic airway intervention and mortality, were collected. Results: Slide tracheoplasty was performed in all cases. Two patients with repeated balloon dilatation had different thickness of tracheal wall, local scar hyperplasia and irregular lumen. Among them, 1 case had obvious local calcification of tracheal wall, which was difficult to suture. The metal stent in one patient with short time of placement was completely removed. However, only part of the metal stents could be removed due to the long placement time in the other 6 cases. There was no operative death in the 9 children. The median postoperative tracheal intubation time was 25.3 hours (range: 17.4 to 74.5 hours). A silicone stent was placed in the trachea of 1 child due to obvious respiratory symptoms. Follow-up of median 11 months (range: 1 to 23 months) showed that no death occurred after discharge and all children had basically normal activity tolerance with no obvious respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: Slide tracheoplasty is feasible for children undergoing prior balloon dilatation or metal stents placement. Previously repeated balloon dilatation or metal stent placement under endoscopy increased the difficulty of slide tracheoplasty, the metal stent could not be completely removed after a long time.
Child ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Dilatation ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Trachea/surgery* ; Tracheal Stenosis/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neurilemmoma/surgery* ; Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery* ; Trachea/surgery* ; Tracheal Neoplasms/surgery*

BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary malignancies (PPMs) and non-pulmonary malignancies (PNPMs) may result in airway stenosis requiring stenting. This study aimed to compare and evaluate the clinical features and stent placement outcomes of airway stenosis caused by PPMs and PNPMs. METHODS: A total of 141 patients with malignant airway stenosis who underwent Micro-Tech stent placements between January 2004 and October 2017 at Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University were divided into PPM (n = 100) and PNPM groups (n = 41). Patients' clinical features and stent placement outcomes were collected and analyzed. Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables, while independent- or paired-sample t test was used to compare the continuous variables. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex, treatment history, respiratory symptoms, and incidence of obstructive pneumonia between groups. Multiple airway involvement (63.0% vs. 31.7%; χ = 11.459, P = 0.001) and atelectasis (17.0% vs. 2.4%; χ = 5.536, P = 0.019) were more common in the PPM group, while extraluminal obstruction (24.4% vs. 6.0%; χ = 8.033, P = 0.005) was more common in the PNPM group. Before stenting, the American Thoracic Society Dyspnea Index (ADI) and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores showed no significant differences between groups (all P > 0.05). After stenting, a satisfactory rate of symptom improvement was achieved in both groups (98.0% and 100.0% in the PPM and PNPM groups, respectively; χ = 0.016, P = 0.898); ADI and KPS scores, which showed no significant differences between groups (all P > 0.05), were significantly improved in each group (all P < 0.001). Complications after stenting could be effectively managed using bronchoscopic procedures. CONCLUSIONS Among cases of malignant airway stenosis requiring stenting, those caused by PPM are more likely to involve multiple airways and are associated with atelectasis, while those caused by PNPM are more likely to cause extraluminal obstruction. Micro-Tech stent placement has the same immediate effect in terms of improvement in respiratory symptoms and performance status for both malignant airway stenosis caused by PPM and that caused by PNPM.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stents ; adverse effects ; Tracheal Stenosis ; etiology ; therapy

Currently, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been widely accepted by surgery and anesthesiology all over the world, and applied in colorectal surgery, gynecology, liver surgery, breast surgery, urology and spinal surgery. But ERAS are rarely used in the field of interventional bronchoscopy. In recent years, more and more researchers have begun to explore the application of ERAS in bronchoscopic interventional therapy. This article discussed that preoperative preparation, anesthesia, intraoperative operation, postoperative observation and other aspects can influence interventional bronchoscopy.
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Anesthesia ; methods ; Bronchoscopy ; methods ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Perioperative Care ; methods ; Recovery of Function ; Tracheal Neoplasms ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Tracheotomy ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical profiles, interventions, and surgical outcomes of patients with advanced (grade III and IV) laryngotracheal stenosis prospectively seen over a 2-year period.  

METHODS:

           Design:           Prospective Case Series

          Setting:           Tertiary Provincial Government Hospital

          Participants:  Five (5) patients with advanced laryngotracheal stenosis confirmed by laryngoscopy and/or tracheoscopy.

RESULTS: Five (5) patients (4 males, 1 female), aged 23 to 31years (mean 27-years-old) diagnosed with advanced laryngotracheal stenosis between June 2016 to June 2018 were included in this series. Four resulted from prolonged intubation (14 - 60 days) while one had a prolonged tracheotomy (13 years). Presentations of stenosis included dyspnea on extubation attempt (n=3), failure to extubate (n=1) and failure to decannulate tracheotomy (n=1). Stenosis length was 3 cm in two, and 1.5 cm in three. Of the five (5) patients, three had grade IV stenosis while two had grade III stenosis based on the Cotton-Myer Classification System. Two of those with grade IV stenosis and both patients with grade III stenosis had undergone prolonged intubation. The stenosis involved the subglottis in three, and combined subglottic and tracheal stenosis in two. Prolonged intubation was present in all three with subglottic stenosis, and in one of the two with combined subglottic and tracheal stenosis. Two patients underwent open surgical approaches while three underwent endoscopic dilatation procedures. Four patients were successfully decannulated while one is still on tracheostomy. None of them had post-operative complications.

CONCLUSION:  Advanced laryngotracheal stenosis is a challenging entity that results from heterogenous causes. Categorizing stenosis and measuring stenosis length may help in treatment planning and predicting surgical outcome.