ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of Tongmai Yangxin pills （TMYX） and Tongxinluo capsules （TXL） in treating no-reflow （NR） after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion following the concept of treating the same disease with different methods， based on integrative pharmacology and experimental validation. MethodsEighty 8-week-old SPF-grade SD rats were randomly assigned into four groups （n=20）： sham operation， NR， TMYX （4 g·kg^-1）， and TXL （2 mg·kg^-1）. A rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion no-reflow was established by in-situ ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Gastric gavage was first performed 4 h after the operation， and samples were collected on day 7. Thioflavin S staining was used to observe the NR area in rat myocardium. Echocardiography was performed to examine the cardiac function. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was conducted to observe the pathological changes of the myocardial tissue. An automatic biochemical analyzer was adopted to measure myocardial enzyme activity. Then， integrated pharmacology was applied for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis. Finally， Western blot was employed to quantify the protein levels of key targets in the myocardial tissue， including soluble guanylyl cyclase （sGC）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP）/dependent protein kinase （PKG）， phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （p-PI3K）， phosphorylated protein kinase B （p-Akt）， and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the NR group showed increased NR area of myocardium， decreased left ventricular ejection fraction （EF）， left ventricular fractional shortening （FS）， left ventricular outflow tract peak velocity （LVOT Peak）， and left ventricular stroke volume （LVSV） （P<0.01）， fractured and disordered myocardial fibers as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in the myocardial tissue， enhanced activities of creatine kinase （CK）， creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） in the myocardial tissue （P<0.01）， and downregulated protein levels of sGC， PKG， phosphorylated （p）-PI3K （Tyr458）， and p-Akt （Tyr315） in the myocardial tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression level of HIF-1α protein showed a downward trend. Compared with the NR group， the TMYX group and TXL group exhibited a decreasing trend in myocardial NR area， EF， FS， and LVOT Peak significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， LVSV showed an upward trend， ameliorated myocardial pathological morphology and inflammatory infiltration， reductions in CK， CK-MB， and LDH activities （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and upregulated protein levels of sGC， PKG， p-PI3K （Tyr458） in myocardial tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the protein expressions of p-Akt （Tyr315） and HIF-1α showed an upward trend. A comparison of the therapeutic effects between the two compound prescriptions showed that TMYX tended to exert a better effect in restoring cardiac function and protecting cardiac structure in NR rats， whereas TXL was more effective in reducing myocardial NR area and lowering myocardial enzyme activities in NR rats. Integrative pharmacology analysis combined with experimental verification demonstrated that both TMYX and TXL could alleviate NR through the following mechanisms： activating the cyclic cGMP/PKG signaling pathway to regulate vascular tone， activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to dilate blood vessels， and activating the HIF-1 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress. However， TMYX had an advantage in activating the cGMP/PKG pathway， while TXL was superior in activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. The two compound prescriptions exerted comparable effects on the HIF-1 signaling pathway， which might serve as their common therapeutic pathway. ConclusionBoth TMYX and TXL could alleviate NR damage. TMYX exerts its protective effect against NR mainly by activating the cGMP/PKG signaling pathway， while TXL exerts its effect mainly through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The HIF-1α signaling pathway may be a common pathway for the two compound prescriptions to exert their protective effects against NR. This study reveals the similarities and differences between TMYX and TXL in the treatment effect and mechanism for NR， providing an experimental basis and a theoretical basis for better clinical application of the two compound prescriptions.

[Objective] To analyze the effects of different factors and red blood cell transfusion thresholds on the efficacy of neonatal red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, in order to provide more references for neonatal transfusions to better achieve rational and effective blood use. [Methods] A retrospective collection of data from 282 neonates who received RBC transfusions at our hospital from 2022 to 2023 was conducted, including birth weight, gestational age, number of blood transfusions, length of hospital stay, assisted ventilation during RBC transfusion, and laboratory test results before and after transfusion. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis to comprehensively analyze the impact of different factors on the efficacy of RBC transfusion in neonates. [Results] The results showed that the gestational age and weight of newborns at birth were negatively correlated with their length of hospital stay and the number of RBC transfusions during hospitalization. Newborns with younger gestational age and lower weight had longer hospital stays and more RBC transfusions during hospitalization. After administering RBCs according to the standard of 15 mL/kg, there was a statistically significant difference in the efficacy of RBC transfusion at different transfusion thresholds. In non-critical situations, RBC transfusions were ineffective when the pre-transfusion hemoglobin (Hb) level was >120 g/L. When the pre-transfusion Hb level was ≤70 g/L, RBC transfusions achieved higher efficacy in both critical and non-critical situations. [Conclusion] In critical situations, the group with pre-transfusion Hb values ≤ 70 g/L has the best RBC transfusion effect, while in non-critical situations, the group with pre-transfusion Hb levels between 81 and 90 g/L has the best RBC transfusion effect. Overall, the efficacy of RBC transfusion in non-critical situations is higher than that in critical situations.

In January 2025， the European Society for Medical Oncology （ESMO） released the ESMO clinical practice guideline interim update on the management of biliary tract cancer as a supplementary update to Biliary tract cancer： ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis， treatment and follow-up published in November 2022. This interim update mainly revises the latest evidence-based medical recommendations in the key fields of molecular diagnostics and clinical management since the release of the original guidelines， and it is not a comprehensive update of the entire document. This article summarizes and makes an excerpt of the new recommendations from this interim update.

Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is a highly aggressive and prognostically unfavorable subtype.Tertiary lymphoid structure(TLS)within the tumor microenvironment,comprising dendritic cells,B cells,T cells,and other immune cells,modulate the tumor immune response.The heterogeneity of TLS in TNBC,such as density,structural maturity,and molecular expression patterns,affects the tumor immune microenvironment and,consequently,treatment responses and clinical outcomes.Studies indicate a positive correlation between the density and maturity of TLS and the pathological complete response(pCR)of TNBC patients,with TLS enhancing the quantity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and improving anti-tumor immune responses,thereby increasing sensitivity to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Recent research has found that mature TLS are associated with effective immune responses,becoming significant predictors of treatment response.The combination of TLS with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising prospects.Research demonstrates that promoting the formation or enhancing the functionality of TLS can improve anti-tumor immune effects and enhance treatment outcomes for TNBC patients.Targeting TLS may reduce immune evasion and increase the sensitivity to immunotherapy.However,clinical application of TLS still faces challenges,particularly the impact of their heterogeneity on treatment response.Current assessment methods for TLS are not standardized,lacking a uniform standard and diagnostic system,which limits their widespread application.Future research should focus on resolving these issues by developing standardized assessment tools and further exploring the role of TLS in immune escape and resistance mechanisms.This review aimed to summarize and analyze the existing research progress on TLS in TNBC,in order to provide new ideas for the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies.

Objective:To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in children with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) resistant steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).Methods:A retrospective case analysis was conducted. Thirteen children with CNI resistant SRNS who were regularly treated with RTX (375 mg/m 2 per dose (maximum dose 500 mg), 1 dose per week, a total of 4 doses) in Department of Nephrology, Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January 2016 to December 2023 were enrolled. The general data, disease related information, urinary protein/creatinine, serum albumin, blood creatinine before RTX treatment, immunosuppressants, adverse events, and monthly urinary protein/creatinine, serum albumin, and blood creatinine indexes within 6 months after RTX treatment were collected. The changes of urinary protein/creatinine, serum albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before and after RTX at 3 and 6 months were analyzed by using paired sample t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results:Among the 13 patients, 8 were male and 5 were female. The age of disease onset was 4.0 (2.9, 6.8) years and the age of RTX treatment was 9.8 (5.9, 13.6) years. There were 8 cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 3 cases of minimal change disease and 2 cases of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. No clinically significant gene variation was detected in 12 cases and the other one did not receive gene test. Before RTX treatment, 11 cases were in chronic kidney disease stage G1, and 1 case each was in stage G2 and stage G3. Ten children completed 4 doses of RTX treatment, 1 patient completed 3 doses, and 2 patients completed 2 doses. Urinary protein/creatinine in 13 children at 3 and 6 months after RTX treatment was significantly lower than baseline (0.60 (0.13, 2.04), 0.49 (0.28, 1.10) vs. 1.44 (0.76, 4.11) mg/mg, Z=-2.34, -2.34, both P<0.05), and serum albumin was significantly higher than baseline ((35±8), (34±7) vs. (30±6) g/L, t=2.30, 2.60, both P<0.05). The eGFR at 6 months after RTX treatment was not significantly different from the baseline ((110±32) vs. (113±35) ml/(min·1.73 m 2), t=-0.76, P>0.05)). No serious adverse reactions occurred in this study. Conclusion:RTX could reduce urinary protein and increase serum albumin in short-term treatment in children with CNI resistant SRNS without significant side effects.

Objective:To explore the clinical and pathological features and survival outcomes of patients with early-onset intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EOICC).Methods:This is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Data of 1 160 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing radical resection in 14 tertiary Grade A hospitals in China from January 2010 to November 2021 were retrospectively collected. The cohort included 632 males and 528 females, aged( M (IQR)) 61 (14) years (range: 22 to 93 years). ICC aged ≤50 years at the time of diagnosis was defined as EOICC and >50 years as late-onset intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (LOICC). Of these, there were 247 cases in the EOICC group and 913 cases in the LOICC. The clinical and pathological characteristics of both groups were analyzed and compared using the independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models for patient outcomes were constructed and forest graphed. Results:Compared with the patients in the LOICC group, patients in the EOICC group had lower carcinoembryonic antigen levels (2.5(4.0) μg/L vs. 3.1(5.2)μg/L, U=124 899, P=0.009) and CA19-9 level (63.4(524.7)U/ml vs. 77.9(611.3)U/ml, U=120 320, P=0.013), higher levels of ALT (29(35)U/L vs. 24(26)U/L, U=101 214, P=0.013), a lower score of the Eastern US Cooperative Oncology Group (0 score patients: 54.7% vs. 44.1%, χ2=12.472, P=0.014), higher TNM stage ( χ2=11.807, P=0.038), and proportion of lymph node dissection (62.3% vs. 54.1%, χ2=5.355, P=0.021). Patients in the two groups in sex, first diagnosis symptoms, intrahepatic bile duct stone history, nail protein, albumin, total bilirubin, transaminase, liver function Child-Pugh grade, T stage, stage, N stage, preoperative laparoscopic exploration proportion, tumor diameter, vascular invasion proportion, differentiation, margin, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, postoperative hospital days were no statistical significance (all P>0.05). Patients in the EOICC group had better outcomes than the LOICC group (median survival time: 29.7 months vs. 25.0 months, 3-year overall survival: 45.1% vs. 37.8%, P=0.027). Conclusion:EOICC patients are better than LOICC patients in carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9, ALT, physical strength status and TNM stage, and the long-term prognosis is also better than LOICC patients.

Postoperative recurrence is one of the primary factors contributing to the poor prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The recurrence patterns of ICC can be classified into intrahepatic,extrahepatic,and intrahepatic-extrahepatic recurrence,while the timing of recurrence can be categorized as very early,early,and late recurrence. Common risk factors for recurrence include positive surgical margins,lymph node metastasis,multifocality,vascular invasion,large tumor size,and concomitant liver cirrhosis. The key to improving the quality of life for ICC patients with postoperative recurrence lies in the accurate preoperative identification of high-risk populations and the implementation of targeted interventions,as well as the formulation of appropriate treatment strategies based on individual patient conditions after recurrence. Interventions for high-risk populations include standardized neoadjuvant therapy,postoperative adjuvant therapy,and high-frequency follow-up. Re-resection remains the most ideal treatment option for recurrence,although the surgical indications are stringent. Non-surgical treatments,including systemic therapy,local therapy,and supportive care,should be tailored to the specific circumstances of each patient.

Metastasis is a pivotal and intricate process in the progression of malignant tumors,strongly correlating with poor prognosis.Approximately 90%of cancer-related mortality is attributed to metastasis,with the five-year survival rate for patients with metastatic solid tumors ranging from 5%to 30%.Consequently,a comprehensive understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms driving metastasis is essential for unraveling its core processes and developing novel therapeutic strategies.The metastatic cascade involves tumor cells navigating numerous biological barriers,including detachment from the primary tumor,invasion of blood vessels or lymphatics,survival in circulation,extravasation into distant organs and subsequent adaptation to the microenvironment.To surmount these challenges,tumor cells undergo phenotypic changes,genetic mutations and dysregulating signaling pathways.Additionally,microenvironmental factors(such as angiogenesis,matrix remodeling and immune evasion)play a critical role,orchestrating the initiation and growth of metastatic lesions in an interdependent manner.Organ-specific metastasis,a distinct subset of metastasis,involves dynamic bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment of target organs.These interactions determine the selectivity of metastatic spread and drive the adaptive evolution of both the tumor and the organ,which encompasses multiple layers of cellular interactions,including cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling.Tumor cell mutations,the release of specific signaling molecules,the capacity to withstand circulatory pressures,and signaling exchanges with target organs collectively govern the selective nature of organ-specific metastasis.Furthermore,factors intrinsic to the target organ-such as its regenerative potential,metabolic profile,immune surveillance mechanisms and matrix stiffness-further facilitate the adaptive remodeling of metastatic cells within these environments.Thus,the bidirectional selection and adaptation between tumor cells and target organs form a dynamic,complex system that reshapes our understanding of metastatic tumor development.While current research emphasizes shared biological features in metastasis,the successful formation of metastatic tumors depends not only on these common mechanisms but also on the unique characteristics governing organ-specific metastasis.The interplay between generalizable and organ-specific mechanisms profoundly influences the metastatic outcome.This review aimed to consolidate our current knowledge of these shared and distinct processes,analyze the evolving understanding of the bidirectional selection between tumor cells and target organs,and assess the current status of metastatic risk prediction models for patients without metastasis.Furthermore,the paper discussed the challenges and opportunities in managing advanced-stage metastatic tumors,offering new insights and potential clinical strategies to improve prognosis and treatment outcomes.

Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is a highly aggressive and prognostically unfavorable subtype.Tertiary lymphoid structure(TLS)within the tumor microenvironment,comprising dendritic cells,B cells,T cells,and other immune cells,modulate the tumor immune response.The heterogeneity of TLS in TNBC,such as density,structural maturity,and molecular expression patterns,affects the tumor immune microenvironment and,consequently,treatment responses and clinical outcomes.Studies indicate a positive correlation between the density and maturity of TLS and the pathological complete response(pCR)of TNBC patients,with TLS enhancing the quantity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and improving anti-tumor immune responses,thereby increasing sensitivity to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Recent research has found that mature TLS are associated with effective immune responses,becoming significant predictors of treatment response.The combination of TLS with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising prospects.Research demonstrates that promoting the formation or enhancing the functionality of TLS can improve anti-tumor immune effects and enhance treatment outcomes for TNBC patients.Targeting TLS may reduce immune evasion and increase the sensitivity to immunotherapy.However,clinical application of TLS still faces challenges,particularly the impact of their heterogeneity on treatment response.Current assessment methods for TLS are not standardized,lacking a uniform standard and diagnostic system,which limits their widespread application.Future research should focus on resolving these issues by developing standardized assessment tools and further exploring the role of TLS in immune escape and resistance mechanisms.This review aimed to summarize and analyze the existing research progress on TLS in TNBC,in order to provide new ideas for the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies.

Background and Aims:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)is a common surgical method for the treatment of gallbladder diseases.However,some patients experience symptoms such as dyspepsia after surgery,which can affect their quality of life.Compound azinomide enteric-coated tablets,a novel drug,may improve dyspeptic symptoms after LC.This study was conducted to explore the clinical efficacy of compound azinomide enteric-coated tablets in treating post-LC dyspepsia symptoms through a multicenter clinical trial.Methods:A multicenter,superior efficacy,open-label,parallel-controlled design was used.Patients with postoperative dyspepsia were enrolled in 7 centers between January 2023 and May 2024.Patients were randomly assigned to either the observation or control groups using a random number table.The observation group received compound azinomide enteric-coated tablets,while the control group was treated with a combination of oryzae pancreatin tablets and ursodeoxycholic acid tablets.Both groups were treated for 4 weeks.The primary endpoints included gastrointestinal symptom scores and quality of life scores assessed before and at 14 and 28 d after treatment.Additionally,the incidence of adverse reactions and cost-effectiveness ratio(CER)were compared between the groups.Results:A total of 303 patients were included,with 150 in the observation group and 153 in the control group.Baseline characteristics were balanced between the groups before treatment(all P>0.05).After treatment,the observation group showed significantly higher effective rates at 14 d and 28 d than the control group(44.7%vs.29.4%;98.0%vs.73.9%,both P<0.05).The observation group also had significantly lower symptom scores and quality of life scores at both 14 and 28 d,with a significantly higher improvement rate in symptom scores compared to the control group(all P<0.05).Further analysis of the improvement rate and treatment efficacy for individual symptoms revealed that,except for the 14-d improvement in abdominal pain/discomfort,the observation group showed better improvement in all other symptoms at 14 d and in all symptoms at 28 d compared to the control group(all P<0.05).No adverse reactions were observed in either group.The CER for the observation group was 283.78 yuan/efficacy rate at 14 d and 128.57 yuan/efficacy rate at 28 d,while the control group's CER was 729.93 yuan/efficacy rate at 14 d and 290.22 yuan/efficacy rate at 28 d.Conclusion:Compound azinomide enteric-coated tablets demonstrated good clinical efficacy in treating dyspepsia symptoms after LC with excellent safety and high cost-effectiveness.Despite some limitations,the results provide a new treatment option for dyspepsia after LC.Larger-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this study's conclusions further.