Objective:To explore the effects of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide fractional laser sequential treatment of early hypertrophic scar after deep burn.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was used. The patients with early hypertrophic scar after deep burn who were admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou from May 2019 to January 2021 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as the study subjects. All patients began to receive sequential laser treatment 4-8 weeks after complete healing of wounds. The treatment method was selected according to the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) score before each treatment. If the blood vessel distribution ≥ 2 points and the thickness<2 points, they were treated with intense pulsed light. If the blood vessel distribution ≥2 points and the thickness ≥ 2 points, they were treated with intense pulsed light combined with carbon dioxide laser. If the blood vessel distribution <2 points and the thickness ≥ 2 points, they were treated with carbon dioxide laser. If the blood vessel distribution < 2 points and the thickness < 2 points, the treatment was ended. Intense pulsed light therapy was performed once a month, and carbon dioxide laser therapy was performed once every 3 months. Before and after treatment, patients were evaluated with VSS, observer scar assessment scale (OSAS) and patient scar assessment scale (PSAS), while higher scores indicated more severe scars. The number of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide laser treatment during the treatment period, the time of scar formation and the occurrence of complications at the end of the treatment were recorded. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were expressed as Mean±SD, and paired sample t-test was used to compare patients before and after treatment. Results:A total of 28 patients were included, including 16 males and 12 females, aged 12-54 years. After the sequential treatment, the VSS scores of color, thickness, vascular distribution, softness and total score were significantly lower than those before the treatment ( t=15.00, 11.90, 15.59, 9.46, 39.24, P<0.001); OSAS scores of vascular distribution, color, thickness, roughness, softness, surface area, overall evaluation and total score were significantly lower than those before treatment ( t=14.89, 10.82, 9.54, 7.23, 16.97, 8.60, 16.42, 25.08, P<0.001); PSAS scores of pain, itching, color, hardness, thickness, irregularity, overall evaluation and total score were significantly lower than those before treatment ( t=26.40, 24.53, 16.54, 12.18, 12.25, 21.04, 22.00, 29.38, P<0.001). During the treatment, the patients were treated with intense pulsed light for (4.00±1.22) times (2-6 times), carbon dioxide laser for (2.54±1.00) times (0-5 times). At the end of the treatment, the scar formation time was (13.82±2.98) months (8-20 months). Complications occurred in 5 cases during treatment and follow-up, including 4 cases of skin blisters and 1 case of infection. No immediate skin lesions, pigmentation, depigmentation, scar aggravation and other adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion:The combination of sequential therapy of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide laser can significantly improve the appearance and texture of early hypertrophic scar after deep burn, which has good safety.

Objective:To explore the effects of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide fractional laser sequential treatment of early hypertrophic scar after deep burn.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was used. The patients with early hypertrophic scar after deep burn who were admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou from May 2019 to January 2021 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as the study subjects. All patients began to receive sequential laser treatment 4-8 weeks after complete healing of wounds. The treatment method was selected according to the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) score before each treatment. If the blood vessel distribution ≥ 2 points and the thickness<2 points, they were treated with intense pulsed light. If the blood vessel distribution ≥2 points and the thickness ≥ 2 points, they were treated with intense pulsed light combined with carbon dioxide laser. If the blood vessel distribution <2 points and the thickness ≥ 2 points, they were treated with carbon dioxide laser. If the blood vessel distribution < 2 points and the thickness < 2 points, the treatment was ended. Intense pulsed light therapy was performed once a month, and carbon dioxide laser therapy was performed once every 3 months. Before and after treatment, patients were evaluated with VSS, observer scar assessment scale (OSAS) and patient scar assessment scale (PSAS), while higher scores indicated more severe scars. The number of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide laser treatment during the treatment period, the time of scar formation and the occurrence of complications at the end of the treatment were recorded. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were expressed as Mean±SD, and paired sample t-test was used to compare patients before and after treatment. Results:A total of 28 patients were included, including 16 males and 12 females, aged 12-54 years. After the sequential treatment, the VSS scores of color, thickness, vascular distribution, softness and total score were significantly lower than those before the treatment ( t=15.00, 11.90, 15.59, 9.46, 39.24, P<0.001); OSAS scores of vascular distribution, color, thickness, roughness, softness, surface area, overall evaluation and total score were significantly lower than those before treatment ( t=14.89, 10.82, 9.54, 7.23, 16.97, 8.60, 16.42, 25.08, P<0.001); PSAS scores of pain, itching, color, hardness, thickness, irregularity, overall evaluation and total score were significantly lower than those before treatment ( t=26.40, 24.53, 16.54, 12.18, 12.25, 21.04, 22.00, 29.38, P<0.001). During the treatment, the patients were treated with intense pulsed light for (4.00±1.22) times (2-6 times), carbon dioxide laser for (2.54±1.00) times (0-5 times). At the end of the treatment, the scar formation time was (13.82±2.98) months (8-20 months). Complications occurred in 5 cases during treatment and follow-up, including 4 cases of skin blisters and 1 case of infection. No immediate skin lesions, pigmentation, depigmentation, scar aggravation and other adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion:The combination of sequential therapy of intense pulsed light and carbon dioxide laser can significantly improve the appearance and texture of early hypertrophic scar after deep burn, which has good safety.

ERK pathway regulated the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression which was linked to the response of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade therapy. So it is deducible that ERK inhibitor could enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, PD0325901, an oral potent ERK inhibitor, strongly enhanced the efficacy of PD-1 antibody

Objective:To comparatively evaluate the accuracy and the scan time of three full-arch scan strategies on the head-simulator, to explore a full-arch scan strategy with better clinical operability and high accuracy.Methods:A cross-controlled study design was used. A model with melamine-formaldehyde resin teeth and silica gel gingiva of an upper dental arch which can be fixed on a head simulator was scanned with an optical scanner (ATOS Core) in order to obtain the standard tessellation language (STL) dataset as reference. Intraoral scans were performed on the model fixed on the head simulator with four intraoral scanners (IOS) [A (TRIOS 3), B (CS 3600), C (CEREC Omnicam), D (iTero)]. The STL datasets were obtained from each of the four different IOS systems by using three scan strategies (scan strategies 1, 2 and 3 were composed of 10, 5 and 7 paths respectively) all by one attending doctor with 3 years of intraoral scanning experience. For each scanner and each scan strategy, nine scans were acquired. And the scan time was recorded for each scan. Following the scan strategy, the scan path was completed to obtain a full-arch digital model, and the scan time was recorded as full-arch scan time. Complementary scans were performed to fill the missing image, and this scan time was recorded as complementary scan time. The total scan time was obtained by adding full-arch scan time and complementary scan time. Through the Geomagic Wrap software, the three-dimensional (3D) models were overlaid by best fit alignment function and compared to obtain the root mean square values of the discrepancies by 3D compare function. The intraoral scanning datasets were compared with the reference for trueness. The nine intraoral scanning datasets were cross compared with same scan strategy and same intraoral scanner for precision.Results:There were no significant differences among the three scan strategies for trueness ( P>0.05), while the differences among the three scan strategies for precision were affected by difference IOSs ( P<0.05), and only scan strategy 3 showed the highest precision with all the four IOS. The full-arch scan time of scan strategies 1, 2 and 3 were (130±24), (72±17) and (90±19) s respectively ( P<0.05). For complementary scan time, scan strategy 2 [(50±24) s] took longer time than scan strategy 1 [(26±18) s] and scan strategy [(25±21) s] ( P<0.05), while no significant differences between the latter two ( P>0.05). For total scan time, scan strategy 1 [(156±31) s] took longer time than scan strategy 2 [(122±30) s ] and scan strategy 3 [(115±29) s ] ( P<0.05), while no significant differences between the latter two ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Full-arch scanning on the head-simulator with scan strategy 3 which can obtain scanning datasets with high accuracy, was more convenient to operate and took shorter scan time, and is generally suitable for intraoral scanners commonly used in clinic.

Objective:To comparatively evaluate the scan time and the accuracy of maxillary full-arch scans using four intraoral scanners (IOS) on conditions of the intraoral head-simulator and the hand-held model, and to evaluate the influence of different scanning conditions on digital scan.Methods:A upper dental arch model with melamine-formaldehyde resin teeth and silica gel gingiva that could be fixed on a head simulator was scanned with an optical scanner (ATOS Core) in order to obtain the standard tessellation language dataset as reference. Intraoral scans were performed on the model fixed on the head simulator by three researchers with four IOS [A: TRIOS 3; B: CS 3600; C: CEREC Omnicam; D: iTero]. For each scanner and each researcher, six scans were performed, to obtain the datasets as the head simulator group. And another six scans with each of the four intraoral scanners were performed by each researcher on the hand-held model to obtain the STL datasets as the hand-held group. The scan time were recorded for each scan. In the Geomagic Wrap software, the digital models were trimmed with only the teeth information retained and supreimposed by best fit alignment function and compared to obtain the root mean square (RMS) values of the discrepancies by three-dimensional compare function. The test datasets of each group were compared with the reference dataset for trueness. The six test scanning datasets with the same scanner of the same researcher were cross compared for precision. Mann Whitney U test was used to statistically analyze the difference values of the scan time, trueness and precision of the same intraoral scanner between head simulator group and hand-held group. Results:Compared to the hand-held group, the scan time of A [142(82) s] and D [119(52) s], which two IOS both with handle, were longer in head simulator group [A: 98(28) s; D: 85(22) s] ( P<0.01). However there were no significant differences between the two groups for scan time of IOS B and C ( P>0.05). For full-arch scan accuracy (trueness and precision), there were no significant differences between the two groups of IOS A and B ( P>0.05), while the trueness of C ( P<0.05) and the precision of D ( P<0.01) were better in head simulator group [C: 112(38) μm; D: 43(13) μm] compared to hand-held group [C: 135(47) μm; D: 53(18) μm]. However, there were no significant differences for the precision of C ( P>0.05) and the trueness of D ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The scan time and the accuracy of full-arch digital scans with different IOS may be effected by the scan conditions. For in vitro study of intraoral scanning, head-simulator can simulate the intraoral environment of the real patient to some extent. Meanwhile, the position of the dentist and the patient, and also the limited intraoral space during intraoral scanning are also simulated.

This study was aimed to establish the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) model of ginsenoside Rb1 following the intravenous administration of Shengmai injection in subjects with stable angina pectoris.A total of stable angina pectoris were selected and received Shengmai injection for 14 days.Plasma samples were collected at different time points.Plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS).The concentration-time curves (AUC) were drawn,and then the PK parameters were calculated.The systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were monitored,and the combined PK-PD model was established based on the theory of effect compartment.The results showed that PK of ginsenoside Rb1 conformed to a mono-compartment model.The effect of Shengmai injection lagged behind the concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 in plasma.The effect exhibited good correlation with ginsenoside Rb1 in effect compartment.The relationship between effect and plasma concentrations fits the Inhibitory Effect Imax model.It was concluded that the study successfully established the combined PK-PD model of ginsenoside Rb1 in subjects with angina pectoris.The model can efficiently evaluate the effective substance of Shengmai injection.

This study was aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Shengmai injection and Shenmai injection with a single injection administration using a constant speed in subjects with stable angina pectoris.A total of 20 subjects with stable angina pectoris were divided into two groups.Each group was administered with Shengmai and Shenmai injection.The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was adopted to determine concentrations of ginsenosides in plasma at different time points.PK parameters were calculated for comparison.The results showed that after a single intravenous infusion of Shengmai and Shenmai injection,the Cm.of ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re,ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rc in Shenmai group were higher than those of the Shengmai group with statistical significance (P ≤0.05).There were differences on the T1/2 of ginsenoside Rg1,AUC0-144h and CL of ginsenoside Rc,as well as Tmax of ginsenoside Rd (P ≤ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference shown on other PK parameters.It was concluded that after a single Shengmai or Shenmai injection,there were PK differences of ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re,ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rc in the human body.The clinical medication selection should be based on syndrome differentiation and treatment of patients.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients of Shenmai injection,including ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Re,in normal Beagle dogs and those with myocardial ischemia. METHODS:6 Beagle dogs were given isopro-terenol hydrochloride (1.1 mg/kg) sc to establish the model of myocardial ischemia (model group). Another 6 Beagle dogs were given isometric normal saline (2.2 ml/kg) sc as controls group. The two groups of dogs respectively received corresponding drugs sc at 8:00 am and 13:00 pm on day 1 and at 8:00 am on day 2. Each group of dogs were given Shenmai injection(1.6 ml/kg)iv 1 h after administration on day 2,and such intravenous drip lasted for about 1 h. Blood was collected from each group 0,0.25, 0.5,0.75,1(the end of iv),1.5,2,3,4,6,8,12 and 24 h from the start of iv. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was adopted to determine the concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Re in blood,and WinNonlin 6.3 was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters for comparison. RESULTS:For ginsenoside Re in the dogs of the model group,t1/2 was(2.69±1.12) h,AUC0-24 h was(2 060.78±812.18)h·μg/L,Vz was(46.16±20.98)ml and CL was(9.02±4.45)ml/h;compared to the normal control group,AUC0-24 h was much greater and Vz and CL were significantly lower,showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). No significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of ginsenoside Rg1 was shown between 2 groups(P>0.05). CON-CLUSIONS:Myocardial ischemia may affect the removal of ginsenoside Re in Beagle dogs,but has no effect on the pharmacoki-netic process of ginsenoside Rg1.

OBJECTIVETo investigate RANK-RANKL expression in the kidneys of a rat model of puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy (PAN).

METHODSThirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into PAN model group and normal control group. PAN was induced by a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg puromycin aminonucleoside. Serum creatinine and 24-hour urinary protein were measured on days 3, 7, and 14 after the injection, and renal pathologies were assessed with optical and immune transmission electron microscopy. The expression of RANK and RANKL in the kidneys was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting.

RESULTSThe PAN model rats showed massive proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine on day 3, which peaked on day 7. RANK-RANKL protein and mRNA expressions in PAN model group was higher than those in the control group. In the PAN rats, RANK was expressed mainly on the top cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of renal podocytes with a significantly increased expression level compared with that in the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe PAN rat model shows aberrant RANK and RANKL expressions in the podocytes, indicating their contribution to podocyte injury in PAN.

Animals ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Kidney ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Kidney Diseases ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Podocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Proteinuria ; pathology ; Puromycin Aminonucleoside ; adverse effects ; RANK Ligand ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; metabolism

Objective To investigate RANK-RANKL expression in the kidneys of a rat model of puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy (PAN). Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into PAN model group and normal control group. PAN was induced by a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg puromycin aminonucleoside. Serum creatinine and 24-hour urinary protein were measured on days 3, 7, and 14 after the injection, and renal pathologies were assessed with optical and immune transmission electron microscopy. The expression of RANK and RANKL in the kidneys was examined using reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Results The PAN model rats showed massive proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine on day 3, which peaked on day 7. RANK-RANKL protein and mRNA expressions in PAN model group was higher than those in the control group. In the PAN rats, RANK was expressed mainly on the top cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of renal podocytes with a significantly increased expression level compared with that in the control group. Conclusion The PAN rat model shows aberrant RANK and RANKL expressions in the podocytes, indicating their contribution to podocyte injury in PAN.