Background: In the modern era, information technology has become an integral component of the healthcare sector, increasingly requiring healthcare providers to possess basic computer literacy and information technology skills to effectively manage and utilize care delivery technologies. With the rapid digitalization of health information systems across all levels of healthcare facilities, there has been a transition toward electronic platforms, where comprehensive patient data are entered into databases and managed through digital applications. Consequently, the delivery of nursing care through electronic systems and technologies has placed growing demands on nurses to develop strong informatics skills and competencies. Aim: To describe the informatics competency of nurses in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design was used for the study. Data were collected from 233 nurses who use information technology. Study setting was taken from three hospitals including National Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics (NCTO), National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ulaanbaatar Railway Hospital by using convenience sampling method. The self-assessment of Nursing Informatics Competency instrument for evaluating the informatics competence of nurses has 48 questions and is rated on a 1-4 Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were calculated using SPSS-25.0 Result: The quality of life among those with breast cancer was at a moderate level with the mean overall score of 58.8 (SD=13.08). The results of this study shown that the average age of subjects as (36±9.4) and 31.3% of participants were 20-29 years old. The majority of the subjects were 73.4% (n=171) use the computer several times a day, and 81.5% (n=190) use the computer more than 2 hours a day. 51.1% of nurses’ informatics skills are relatively good. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (β=–0.287, p=0.032) and computer use (β=–0.156, p=0.017) were significant predictors of total informatics competency among nurses. Increasing age was associated with a decrease in informatics competency scores. Other variables including gender, years of experience, education level, professional rank, and computer utilization were not statistically significant predictors. Conclusion The level of nurses’ informatics competency was determined to be 51.1%. Age and computer usage were identified as significant factors influencing nurses’ informatics competency.

Background: Type I hypersensitivity, commonly known as an allergic reaction, is characterised by an IgE-mediated immune response triggered when foreign proteins enter the body. During allergic reactions, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, secreted by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, play a crucial role in activating immune effector cells like eosinophils and mast cells, which contribute significantly to airway inflammation and obstruction. Conversely, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), produced by Th1 cells, suppresses Th2-mediated responses and plays an essential role in regulating allergic inflammation. Therefore, determining the balance of cytokines produced by Th1 and Th2 cells is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic responses. Aim: We aimed to induce an allergic response in experimental animals using ovalbumin and to determine the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: A total of 20 female C57BL/6 mice aged 6–8 weeks were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental groups. The concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in mouse serum were determined using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: Compared to the control group, the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in the serum of allergic model-induced C57BL/6 mice were determined to be 513.7 pg/mL and 193.2 pg/mL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in IL-4 cytokine levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion In the allergic model group, serum levels of IL-4 cytokine were elevated, while IFN-γ cytokine levels were decreased, suggesting a predominant Th2-type immune response.

Background: In recent years, the incidence of liver diseases due to complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has shown a significant upward trend in Southeast Asian countries. NAFLD is a hepatic disorder characterized by lipid accumulation in the microstructure of the liver in individuals who consume little to no alcohol. It is often associated with insulin resistance and is diagnosed when steatosis affects more than 5% of hepatocytes histologically, or when the fat signal intensity on MRI exceeds 5.6%, based on fat-to-water ratio measurements. In Mongolia, histological studies using frozen liver sections with routine and special staining techniques are limited, highlighting the necessity of this study. Aim: To determine and compare the degree of steatosis and fibrosis in frozen liver tissue samples of patients with NAFLD through histological analysis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the the Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedicine and Bio medical Research Institute of MNUMS in collaboration with the Second State Central Hospital. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS (Protocol No. 2024/3-06). All procedures adhered strictly to laboratory biosafety protocols. Participants were selected among patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, from whom informed consent was obtained. Based on inclusion criteria, five participants were grouped as follows: healthy control (n=1), NAFLD without fibrosis (n=2), and NAFLD with fibrosis (n=2). Liver biopsies (approx. 1 cm in size) were obtained intraoperatively, immediately deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and prepared for histological evaluation. Results: In patients with NAFLD compared to the healthy liver group, disruption of hepatocyte columnar architecture and mild periportal lymphocytic infiltration were observed. Oil Red O staining revealed 34–66% micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, corresponding to grade 2 steatosis. Masson’s trichrome staining showed no fibrotic changes in perivenular or periportal areas (Ishak grade 0/4) at this stage. However, upon progression to grade 3 steatosis, early-stage fibrosis was observed in both perivenular and periportal regions (Ishak grade 1/4). Further progression to stage 4 fibrosis was characterized by the development of connective tissue septa, although no significant changes in droplet size were observed. Conclusions 1. Increasing stages of fibrosis are not directly influenced by the severity of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. 2. Although the degree of steatosis increases, the absence of corresponding fibrotic changes in early stages indicates a complex progression pattern of NAFLD requiring further investigation.

Introduction: According to the WHO, being exposed to loud noise for a long time can be very harmful to health. It can lead to heart and blood vessel problems, mental health issues, trouble sleeping, and hearing loss. Noise pollution has a negative effect on the brain and nervous system, and it can cause many problems. High-frequency noise, in particular, can disturb the central nervous system. This can lead to problems like poor concentration, more anxiety, and feeling mentally tired. Many studies around the world have shown that noise levels of ≥85 dB at work increase the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus.In Ulaanbaatar, environmental noise pollution continues to grow due to population growth, construction, and urban planning. Therefore, it is important to find out whether environmental noise pollution is linked to mental and behavioral disorders, insomnia, nervous fatigue, high blood pressure, and hearing loss among the population. Goal: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of primary hypertension (I10), nervous fatigue (F48.0), sleep disorders (F51.0), and tinnitus (H83.3) caused by environmental noise among the population of Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design was applied to examine statistical data from the Center for Health Development regarding diseases related to noise pollution. Based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the study focused on conditions such as neurasthenia (F48.0), non-organic sleep disorders (F51), primary hypertension (I10), and hearing disorders (H83.3). The analysis included data recorded between 2014 and 2023 among the population of Ulaanbaatar city. Epidemiological analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software, and the results were calculated per 10,000 population. Ethical Considerations: This study did not receive any external funding or financial support from public or private organizations. It utilizes secondary data from the Health Development Center, which does not contain any personal information. Results: In 2014, the average age of individuals diagnosed with neurasthenia (F48.0) was 40.1±12.6 years; for non-organic sleep disorders (F51.0), it was 48.1±14.5 years; for noise-induced hearing disorders (H83.3), 47.2±12.7 years; and for primary hypertension (I10), the average age was 59.0±11.4 years. By 2023, the average age for primary hypertension had slightly decreased to 58.0±12.9 years. Since 2014, the number of cases of nervous fatigue, non organic sleep disorders, and hearing problems caused by noise has risen in Ulaanbaatar. In 2023, the average age of people with primary hypertension (I10) dropped to 58.0±12.9 years. Noise-related illnesses are common among people aged 40 to 60 in Ulaanbaatar, and this is lowering their quality of life. Conclusion Noise-related illnesses are being recorded among the 40–60 age group in Ulaanbaatar, which is negatively affecting their quality of life. It is urgently necessary to introduce measures for adequate protection of the population from the negative health effects of environmental noise.

Introduction: In 2020, the prevalence of respiratory system diseases in the population of Gobi-Altai province is 1339.5 cases per 10,000 population, which is 4% (52) more than the average of the provinces and 20% (223.8) more than the national average. In 2021, the number of deaths due to respiratory system diseases was 2.9 per 10,000 population, increasing by 1.1 from 2020 (1.8). Pneumonia-related deaths account for 60.7% of all respiratory system-related deaths. As of 2022, there are 7,281 simple stoves, 248 low-pressure and steam boilers, and 18,207 automobiles in the Gobi-Altai province as sources of air pollution. 63.1% of the total coal is consumed by water heating boilers with a capacity of more than 101 kW, 20.5% by households, and 16.4% by small and medium enterprises. Goal: Determining the relationship between the incidence of pneumonia in the population of Gobi-Altai province and the common air pollutants. Material and Method: According to the rotation research model, the common external air pollutants SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀, climate parameters, temperature, pressure, humidity, and population pneumonia measurements and registration data of Altai Sum, Gobi-Altai Province in 2020-2021 were analyzed using SPSS-24 software. statistical processing was calculated for non-parametric parameters. Result: The annual average value of sulfur dioxide (SO₂ ) measured in 20 minutes in Gobi-Altai province is 25.2 ± 13.7 μg/m³, the annual average value of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) measured in 20 minutes is 36.329±29 μg/m³, and the annual average concentration of PM₁₀ particles is 35.2 ± 28,264 μg/m³, which is the standard level of MNS4585:2016. But the 20-minute average concentration of SO₂ (r=0.81, p=0.005), the average concentration of NO₂ (r=0.089, p=0.008), and the average concentration of PM₁₀ (r=0.089, p=0.002) is directly related to the incidence of pneumonia. It is also inversely correlated with air temperature (r=-142, p=0,000). Conclusion Common outdoor air pollutants in Yesunbulag sum, Gobi-Altai Province are related to pneumonia in children aged 0-5 years.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

Introduction: This field assessment was performed to ensure the effective implementation of Order No. A/142 of the Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia dated 30^th December 2021 and Order No. A/01 of the Head of the National Committee for Reducing Environmental Pollution dated 3^rd January 2022 and to monitor the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from traditional stoves and standard stoves. Purpose: To determine the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from briquette combustion and to develop recommendations by comparing various types of stoves and dwellings. Materials and Methods: Through analytical cross-sectional designs, three households from Songinokhairkhan district and one household from Chingeltei district were selected to participate in this assessment as they use briquettes for heating, vary in their dwelling types (ger (traditional Mongolian tent), house) and their stove types (traditional, standard), stay home during the day and chose to participate in the assessment. 24-hour continuous measurements were conducted for each dwelling and before taking measurements, we calibrated and adjusted the air suction velocity of the measuring instrument at the Central Metrology Laboratory. The monitor was placed at a distance of 0.5m from the stove and a height of 0.5-1.0m from the floor. The results were then compared with the Mongolian National Standard “General air quality and technical requirements MNS4585:2016” and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software, mean, ANOVA test, and if the p-value is less than 0.05, our results are statistically significant. Results: The concentration level of SO₂ in houses with “Dul” stoves was within the level specified in the Mongolian standard MNS4585: 2016 and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021, while 24-hour SO₂ concentration in gers and houses with traditional stoves was 1.3-2.92 times higher than the standards. The 24-hour average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in houses with traditional stoves was 1.73 times higher than the Mongolian air quality standard MNS4585: 2016. There were statistically significant differences in the emission levels of SO₂ and NO₂ depending on dwelling and stove types (df=4, f=4.04, p=0.008 and df=4, f=17.17, p=0.001, respectively.). The 8-hour average (10,000 μg/m3) CO concentration was statistically significant for various types of dwellings and stoves (df=4, f=45.17, p=0.001), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in CO concentrations in gers with traditional stoves and gers with standard stoves in terms of morning, afternoon, and evening hours (df=3, f=33.17, p=0.001). Conclusion Indoor air pollutants in the households except for houses with “Dul” stoves have been determined to exceed the air quality standards set by the Mongolian air quality standards and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021.

Introduction: During this pandemic, overcrowding in classroom caused by a lack of educational facilities and poor indoor air quality are the main causes of respiratory diseases among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is essential to measure and assess the indoor air quality where children spend extended periods of time such as school. Materials and methods: This study covered four schools with old buildings and four schools with new buildings in Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Khan-Uul, Chingeltei district of Ulaanbaatar. We collected PM10 and PM2.5, carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, and microbiological count from chosen classrooms and compared to the MNS4585:2016 standard. SPSS-24 was used to do statistical analysis on the information gathered during the evaluation. Results and Discussion: The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 64.3 (95% CI: 64.1-64.5) mcg/m3, which was 4.3 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016 standard. The 24-hour average PM10 concentration was 85.3 (95 % CI: 85.1-85.6) mcg/m3, which is 1.9 times higher than WHO guideline value. In older school buildings, the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 5.6 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.7 times higher than the MNS4585:2016; the average PM10 concentration was 2.8 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016. The air temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in classroom was met the MNS4585: 2016. The average relative humidity of all schools is 24.2±6.5%, which is 14-16% lower than the MNS4585: 2016. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the school in new and old buildings was similar poor, therefore a variety of steps are needed to improve it.

Rationale: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by carbon-containing substances, most commonly incomplete fuel and biomass combustion. Carbon monoxide deprives the human body of oxygen, leads to severe poisoning and death. In 2017, there were 137 new cases of carbon monoxide poisoning per 1,000,000 people worldwide, and 4.6 deaths per 1,000,000. The global incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning has remained steady over the previous 25 years, while mortality has decreased by 36-40%. Every year in Mongolia, 700-840 persons are hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning. Also, there has been a lack of study into the prevalence and causes of carbon monoxide poisoning and death. Goal: Study the dynamics of morbidity and mortality cases caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in Mongolia. Objectives:
To analyze the carbon monoxide poisoning morbidity recorded in Mongolia between 2016-2020.
To analyze the carbon monoxide poisoning mortality reported in Mongolia between 2016-2020. Material and Methods: The survey was conducted utilizing data from outpatient and inpatient poisoning and deaths reported in 2016-2020 with the goal of studying carbon monoxide poisoning and mortality in Mongolia. Workplace exposure poisoning was excluded from quantitative data on carbon monoxide poisoning (fires, suicidal, accidental and domestic explosions, accidents, external effects).The statistics analysis was performed using 23 versions of the SPSS program, to estimate a distribution of new cases and fatalities per 10,000 population depended on age, sex, average number of hospital days, and standard error. ArcGIS version 10.8 was used to map the locations. Results: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning was 0.01-0.31 cases per 10,000 population during 2016 and 2018. Between 2019 and 2020, it increased to 1.5-1.9 cases per 10,000 population, with up to 37% of those admitted to hospitals. In the last five years, carbon monoxiderelated deaths have been reported in 0.1-0.3 cases per 10,000 population. The amount of hours firing of the households increases every year in September, when the colder season begins. Incidences of death and intentional poisoning were reported in Arkhangai, Uvurkhangai, Khuvsgulaimags, and Ulaanbaatar. The average age of poisoning patients admitted to the hospital was 33 ± 19.5 years old (minimum 2 months, maximum 81). In terms of gender, women registered for 58.4 (734) percent of all cases. The average number of days spent in the hospital was 3.4± 3.7 days.
Carbon monoxide poisoning-related mortality. During the previous five years (2016-2020), 353 people died in Mongolia as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning, although 1.4 percent, or five people, died in hospitals, one case in Bayan-Ulgii, Zavkhan, and Uvs aimags, and two cases in Ulaanbaatar. However, 98.6 percent of them died prematurely at home or in poisoned places due to a lack of access to health care. The average age of carbon monoxide poisoning deaths cases was 35 ± 19.9 years old, and 71.7 (253) percent were male. The Ulaanbaatar, Selenge, Uvs, and Dornod aimags had the lowest death rate of 0.08-0.21 per 10,000 population, while Khuvsgul and Arkhangai aimags had the highest death rate of 0.96-1.57 per 10,000 population. Conclusions Carbon monoxide poisoning among the population rises during the winter season, however, in the previous five years, 96.5 percent of cases have been poisoned accidentally, particularly 82.6 (1035) percent of cases reported in Ulaanbaatar. According to socioeconomic factors, 41.6 (529) of the cases were male, with an average age of 36.5±15.4 years.
During the preceding five years, carbon monoxide-related mortality in Mongolia was between 0.2 per 10,000 people. Without medical attention, 99.2% of cases died at the exposed location or area. The death rate in Khuvsgul aimags was low, whereas it was high in Ulaanbaatar city. The average age of premature deaths was 35±19.9 years, and 71.7 (253) percent were male.

Introduction: Soum and family health care centers (primary health care centers) provide public health services to reduce the negative effects of air pollution on health. In order to decrease the risk factors due to air pollution, it is crucial for health professionals, who are providing health care services to the public, to have the knowledge, attitude and practice to give an advice for residents on how to protect their health from air pollution. The “Air pollution and child health” report from WHO recommended that responsibility of health professionals must include knowing the latest information on air pollution, doing a research, spreading the knowledge, educating families and community and learning from them as well, proposing solutions, and finding a solution for policy developers and decision makers in other sectors. Therefore, we conducted this survey with purpose to determine the long-term effects of air pollution on population psychology and lifestyle and to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on how to protect a health from air pollution. Goal: Evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on air pollution. Material and Methods: In 2019, this study conducted a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative and qualitative data. 88.4% of (n=532) health professionals from 48 secondary health care centers (SHCC) and 64 family health care centers (FHCC), which are agents that implement UNICEF project, in Bayanzurkh, Songinokhairkhan districts and Bayankhongor aimag were participated in the survey. Results: 97.4% of the participants agreed that air pollution has negative effects on human health. 99.5% of participants did not know the Mongolian standard for the acceptable level of air pollutant particulate matter (PM) and 73.1% of all participants did not receive information about air quality index. 82.1% of participants regularly give prevention advice with the purpose of protecting maternal and child health from air. The participants who worked for more than 21 years and who are older than 51 years old were more likely to give advice (p<0.05). As for the reasons for not giving advice about air pollution for protecting the maternal and child health, 29.2% of participants answered the service time is not enough, and 22.9% mentioned the lack of knowledge and information. 30.5% (162) of participants were not satisfied with their skill to give an advice on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution. 86.8% of participants indicated that they did not receive proper training on air pollution and prevention from air pollution. Conclusion There is a need to provide training and information on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution for health professionals.