To analyze the transmission characteristics of newly reported HIV-infected students aged ≥18 years in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 and provide evidence for AIDS publicity and intervention among young students. The pol region sequences of newly reported HIV-infected students and non-student HIV-infected individuals in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 were collected, and the BLAST tool was used to search the published global non-Nanjing reported HIV infection sequences in the LANL HIV database. The basic molecular transmission network and regional molecular transmission network were constructed using the HIV-TRACE in a pairwise genetic distance threshold of 1.0%. 332 sequences of infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City, 1 904 sequences of non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City and 1 698 non-Nanjing-infected individuals were obtained. Among the 332 infected students, the main route of infection was homosexual (96.39%), and the subtypes were CRF01_AE (37.95%), CRF07_BC (37.65%) and CRF105_0107 (10.24%). There were 890 sequences in the regional molecular transmission network, of which 21.80% were infected students in Nanjing City, 39.89% were non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City, and 38.31% were non-Nanjing-infected individuals. In the CRF105_0107 transmission cluster, non-student-infected individuals from Nanjing accounted for 66.95% (81/121), while in the CRF07_BC transmission cluster, non-Nanjing-infected individuals accounted for 56.66% (200/353). There were 1 644 edges connected to infected students within the regional molecular transmission network, with local transmission accounting for 64.72% and regional transmission accounting for 35.28%. Regional transmission was mainly in Guangdong Province (19.83%) and other cities in Jiangsu Province (4.50%). The HIV-1 subtypes of newly reported HIV-infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City are mainly CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF105_0107, with local transmission as the main transmission characteristics. There is transmission between students and non-students.

To analyze the transmission characteristics of newly reported HIV-infected students aged ≥18 years in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 and provide evidence for AIDS publicity and intervention among young students. The pol region sequences of newly reported HIV-infected students and non-student HIV-infected individuals in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 were collected, and the BLAST tool was used to search the published global non-Nanjing reported HIV infection sequences in the LANL HIV database. The basic molecular transmission network and regional molecular transmission network were constructed using the HIV-TRACE in a pairwise genetic distance threshold of 1.0%. 332 sequences of infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City, 1 904 sequences of non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City and 1 698 non-Nanjing-infected individuals were obtained. Among the 332 infected students, the main route of infection was homosexual (96.39%), and the subtypes were CRF01_AE (37.95%), CRF07_BC (37.65%) and CRF105_0107 (10.24%). There were 890 sequences in the regional molecular transmission network, of which 21.80% were infected students in Nanjing City, 39.89% were non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City, and 38.31% were non-Nanjing-infected individuals. In the CRF105_0107 transmission cluster, non-student-infected individuals from Nanjing accounted for 66.95% (81/121), while in the CRF07_BC transmission cluster, non-Nanjing-infected individuals accounted for 56.66% (200/353). There were 1 644 edges connected to infected students within the regional molecular transmission network, with local transmission accounting for 64.72% and regional transmission accounting for 35.28%. Regional transmission was mainly in Guangdong Province (19.83%) and other cities in Jiangsu Province (4.50%). The HIV-1 subtypes of newly reported HIV-infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City are mainly CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF105_0107, with local transmission as the main transmission characteristics. There is transmission between students and non-students.

Objective: To understand the AIDS knowledge of male college students who have sex experience and the influencing factors of high-risk sexual behaviors, so as to provide a basis for AIDS prevention and control on campus. Methods: A total of 5 718 male college students who have sex from 18 colleges and universities in Nanjing were investigated by stratified random cluster sampling method from April to June in 2019. Their AIDS knowledge and high-risk sexual behaviors were investigated and risk factors were analyzed. Results: Male college students had poor AIDS related knowledge and the incidence of high-risk sexual behaviors was 61.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of male college students with sexual orientation of bisexuality(OR=1.61), uncertainty (OR=2.41) and heterosexuality (OR=1.47) who had high-risk sexual behaviors were higher than those of homosexuals. The age of first sexual intercourse ≤14 years old(OR=2.71), 15 to 17 years old(OR=1.87), and 18 to 20 years old (OR=1.35) had a higher proportion of high-risk sexual intercourse than the age of first sexual intercourse of older than 20 years old. In the past year, the proportion of commercial sex(OR=1.80), drug use(OR=4.28), sexually transmitted disease (OR=3.34) diagnosed in the most recent year who had high-risk sexual behaviors were higher. In the pust year, the proportion of stable relationship and cohabitation(OR=0.25), those who had received AIDS prevention propaganda in the most recent year(OR=0.81), and those who knew about AIDS (OR=0.65) were less likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. Conclusion The knowledge rate of HIV/AIDS was low and the incidence of high-risk sexual behavior was high among male college students. Therefore, colleges are encouraged to, actively carry out AIDS prevention and control work, improve the awareness of both HIV/AIDS knowledge and safe sex basics.

Objective:To investigate HIV-1 genotypes and drug resistance among newly diagnosed young students in Nanjing in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of AIDS in this group.Methods:This study enrolled 200 newly diagnosed young students with HIV-1 infection in Nanjing from September 2015 to July 2019. Demographic information and blood samples were collected. Through RNA extraction and PCR amplification, 191 pol fragments were successfully obtained and subjected to genotyping and drug resistance analysis. Results:CRF01_AE (41.4%) and CRF07_BC (30.9%) were the predominant genotypes, followed by unique recombinant forms (URFs) (15.7%), CRF55_01B (5.2%), CRF68_01B (3.1%), CRF67_01B (2.6%), and subtype B (1.0 %). The incidence of drug-resistant mutations was 16.8%, and the rate of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was 4.2%. The rates of TDR in CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF55_01B, URFs and other genotypes were 2.5%, 1.7%, 10.0%, 10.0% and 7.7%, respectively ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The rapid emergence of recombinant HIV-1 strains in the young students should be taken seriously. The prevalence of TDR was close to the alert level, thus needing to be monitored continuously.

Objective To fabricate iRGD targeted liposome-microbubble complex containing uPA ( iRGD-LMC) ,and to improve the thrombolytic efficiency and reduce the risk of thrombolysis by iRGD-LMC combining with ultrasound targeted microbubbles destruction ( UTMD ) to release drug into the thrombus site with the help of microbubble cavitation effect . Methods Biotinylated iRGD-MBs were fabricated by thin-film rehydration method .Biotinylated liposomes containing uPA were fabricated by freeze-thaw method and were conjugated to the biotinylated iRGD-MBs surface through biotin-avidin linkage . The iRGD-LMC was subjected to confocal microscopy to determine the particle morphology . The concentration , average diameter and size distribution were determined by particle sizing instrument . The uPA loading efficiency was measured by BCA Protein Assay Kit . Ultrasound imaging was performed using a Vevo 2100 ultrasound imaging system . The iRGD-LMC was irradiated by different ultrasound time and intensity to release drug . Thrombolytic effect in vitro of iRGD-LMC combined with UTMD was observed on the thrombosis model which was extracted from mouse blood . Results iRGD-LMC was successfully prepared . iRGD-LMC was exhibited a well-defined spherical morphology and homogeneous distribution ,like ordinary microbubbles . The concentration of iRGD-LMC was ( 0 .51 ± 0 .03 ) × 109 / ml and average diameter was ( 2 .62 ± 0 .12) μm . Drugs loading efficiency was ( 3878 .5 ± 97 .8) μg uPA per 108 microbubbles . iRGD-LMC could achieve contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in vitro . The thrombolytic effect of iRGD-LMC +US group ( 87 .66 ± 1 .69) ％ was the best in vitro ,and had significant difference with others groups ( P <0 .05) ,followed by iRGD-LMC group ( 53 .32 ± 4 .86) ％ and uPA group ( 51 .09 ± 9 .01) ％ ,Compared with PBS group ,US group ( 23 .56 ± 9 .46) ％ had thrombolytic effect . Conclusions iRGD-LMC is successfully prepared ,which has the advantages of high drug loading of liposomes and good acoustic properties of microbubbles . iRGD-LMC combined with UTMD achieves a significant thrombolytic effect in vitro .

Objective: To analyze the influence of growing experience on non-heterosexual orientation among male college students. Methods: From October to November in 2015, a total of 2 535 male students from 96 classes in 14 colleges/departments were recruited from two colleges that participated in the experimental work of AIDS prevention by cluster random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was administered in this study, including general demographic information, growing experience and Kinsey scale (to evaluate sexual orientation). Out of 2 500 questionnaires distributed in this study, 2 332 effective copies were withdrew, with the effective rate at 93.3%. Chi square test was used to analyze the differences of non-heterosexual orientation among the individuals with different social demographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of non-heterosexual orientation. Results: Among the 2 332 individuals, the proportion of self-reported non-heterosexual was 6.2% (144).The proportions of male students who identify as non-heterosexual from freshman to junior year were 5.2%(63/1216),6.9%(65/941),11.7%(13/111) and 4.7%(3/64), respectively (χ²=9.06,P=0.029). Compared with the individuals of very good relationship with parents, those with bad relationship (OR=3.3, 95%CI: 1.7-6.5) and general relationship (OR=1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-2.9) with parents had a higher risk of non-heterosexual orientation, respectively. Those encountered sexual assault had a higher risk of non-heterosexual orientation than those without encountered sexual assault (OR=5.9, 95%CI: 3.2-10.9). Conclusions This study reported a high proportion of self-reported non-heterosexual among college male students in Nanjing, and highlighted the importance of targeting students with poor parental relationships and who subjected to sexually abused.

Objective To develop a vulnerable plaque targeting ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) and to evaluate its affinity and imaging performance in vitro.Methods E-selectin receptor-targeting UCA,which conjugated with monoclonal antibody of E-selectin,was prepared with filming-rehydration method and biotin-avidin linkage.The size and distribution of UCA were measured with particle size analyzer,the connectivity condition of microbubbles with E-selectin antibody was also detected with fluorescence analysis.The cytotoxicity from microbubble and ultrasound irradiation was evaluated through cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay.The adhesion effect of UCA was assessed after co-incubated with activated mouse endothelial cells (bEnd.3) and compared with that of free antibody intervention group and control group.The imaging performance of UCA at different time points was observed on an ultrasound equipment with a high-frequency transducer.Two-sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were performed to analyze the data.Results E-selectin receptor-targeting UCA was successfully prepared.The cytotoxicity result with CCK8 assay demonstrated the favorable biocompatibility of UCA.The connection amount of UCA on activated bEnd.3 cells ((6.23 ± 0.45) bubbles/cell) was significantly higher than that of the free antibody intervention group ((1.57±0.34) bubbles/cell) and control group ((0.07±0.03) bubbles/cell;F=291.43,P＜0.01).The performance of in vitro ultrasonography at the same time points showed no obvious difference between targeting UCA and control UCA (all t＜0.51,all P＞0.05).Conclusions The prepared E-selectin receptor-targeting UCA has favorable targeting and imaging capabilities.It might be a potentially ultrasound molecular imaging agent for early detection and prognosis evaluation of vulnerable plaque.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasonic direct signs and indirect signs in diagnosis of rotator cuff tears (RCTs).Methods Fifty-two patients underwent ultrasonography before arthroscopy were enrolled.The efficacy of ultrasonic direct and indirect signs in diagnosis of RCTs was calculated,and the accuracy of ultrasonic direct signs in diagnosis of subtypes for RCTs was compared with arthroscopic results.Results The accuracy of ultrasonic direct signs in diagnosis of the presence of tears,full-thickness tears and partial-thickness tears was 90.38％ (47/52),96.15％ (50/52)and 86.54％ (45/52),respectively.Additionally,the consistency of ultrasonic direct signs in diagnosis of subtypes for RCTs with arthroscopic results was good.With regard to ultrasonic indirect signs,the specificity of effusions including all subacromial/subdeltoid bursa effusions,intra-articular fluid and biceps tendon sheath effusions,subdeltoid bursa hernia and cartilage demarcation sign was 80.95％(17/21),90.48％ (19/21) and 95.24％ (20/21),respectively.Conclusion Ultrasonic direct signs combined with indirect signs have high clinical value in diagnosis of subtypes for RCTs.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of high frequency ultrasound in discovering secondary pathological changes in infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).Methods Thirtyfour infants with 36 dislocation hips were involved.Among them,32 were with unilateral dislocation of hip joint,2 were with bilateral dislocation of hip joint.High frequency ultrasound were used to observe the morphological changes of hip glenoid labrum,adipose hyperplasia in acetabulum,thickness variation of articular capsule,and development of the ossification center of the femoral head.Besides,the morphological changes of hip glenoid labrum and adipose hyperplasia in acetabul were compared with those from MRI.Results The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing glenoid labral introversion were 82 ％ and 100％ respectively.The coincidence rate of diagnosing glenoid labral introversion and glenoid labral extroversion were both 83％.Adipose hyperplasias in acetabul were clearly seen in 31 hips using ultrasound.The thickness of articular capsule in the affected hip and in the healthy hip was (2.8 ± 0.6)mm versus (1.7 ± 0.4) mm,and the difference was obviously significant (P ＜0.01).The ossification center of the femoral head in the 34 infants were classified as the following four types:① which was smaller in the affected side than in the healthy side (22/34);②which was shown in the healthy side (7/34) but not in the affected side;③ which in both sides were not shown (4/34);④ which in both sides were small (1/34).Conclusions Ultrasound is a method of simple,rapid,non-invasive in diagnosing DDH,and it can be used to discover secondary pathological changes in infant with DDH,which provide important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To understand the current status of HIV infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing,explore the associated factors with HIV infection,and provide information for the intervention in MSM.Methods Data collected in the consecutive sentinel surveillances among MSM during 2011-2015 includes MSM's social-demographic information,sexual behavior histories,access to HIV prevention services and HIV testing in the past year.The infection trend was analyzed with x2 test and the factors associated with HIV infection were identified through multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results From 2011 to 2015,712,670,656,681 and 601 MSM were surveyed respectively.The HIV infection rates were 7.4％,13.7％,9.8％,12.0％ and 12.0％ respectively,with an increasing trend (P=0.044).Syphilis prevalence rates were 9.1％,11.5％,6.0％,10.6％ and 5.8％ respectively,with a decreasing trend (P=0.042).From 2011 to 2015,the percentage of MSM who failed to consistently use condoms for anal sex in the past 6 months increased significantly from 46.4％(260/560) to 55.7％(257/461) the percentage of those having commercial sex with males increased significantly from 1.2％(8/692) to 3.0％(18/593) in 2015,while the percentage of those receiving HIV test in the past year decreased significantly from 67.7％(482/712) to 57.6％(346/ 601).Those who were aged ＞25 years,lived in Nanjing for less than 2 years,had a high school or below educational level,failed to consistently use condoms at anal sex in the past 6 months,failed to have HIV test in the past year and were infected with syphilis had higher risk for HIV infection.Conclusion Given the increasing trend of HIV infection and high risk sexual behavior in MSM in Nanjing,it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive HIV prevention and intervention through expanding HIV test coverage and promoting condom use to curb HIV epidemic in MSM.