OBJECTIVE To standardize the main processes and related technical links of the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs， and provide guidance and reference for improving the quality of comprehensive evaluation evidence and its transformation and application value. METHODS The construction of Guideline for the Workflow of Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs was based on the standard guideline formulation method of the World Health Organization （WHO）， strictly followed the latest definition of guidelines by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States， and conformed to the six major areas of the Guideline Research and Evaluation Tool Ⅱ. Delphi method was adopted to construct the research questions； research evidence was established by applying the research methods of evidence-based medicine. The evidence quality classification system of the Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center was adopted for evidence classification and evaluation. The recommendation strength was determined by the recommendation strength classification standard formulated by the Oxford University Evidence-Based Medicine Center， and the recommendation opinions were formed through the expert consensus method. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The Guideline for the Workflow of Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs covers 4 major categories of research questions， including topic selection， evaluation implementation， evidence evaluation， and application and transformation of results. The formulation of this guideline has standardized the technical links of the entire process of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs， which can effectively guide the high-quality and high-efficient development of this work， enhance the standardized output and transformation application value of evaluation evidence， and provide high-quality evidence support for the scientific decision-making of health and the rationalization of clinical medication.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM, facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method, clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations, expert opinions, and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations, monitoring strategies, dosage regimens, and influencing factors. High-risk populations, timing of TDM, area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (C₀), target concentration ranges, monitoring frequency, and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations, initial dosage regimens, populations with unique considerations, pharmacokinetic-informed dosing, body weight factors, pharmacogenetics, and drug‍-‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy, promoting standardization of MPA TDM, and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Drug Monitoring/methods* ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Delphi Technique

Evidence-based Practice Guideline of Medication Therapy of High-dose Methotrexate in China was published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology in February 2022. The guideline followed the latest definition of clinical practice guideline and the methodology specification for the guideline development of WHO. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment ， Development，and Evaluation （GRADE）approach was applied to rate the quality of evidence and determine the strength of recommendations. Finally ，this guideline presents 28 recommendations covering the whole process of clinical medication of high-dose methotrexate ，involving evaluation prior to administration （liver and renal function ，pleural effusion and ascites ， comedication，genetic testing ），pre-treatment and routine dosing regimen （pretreatment of hydration and alkalization ，urine alkalization，routine dosing regimen ），therapeutic drug monitoring （necessity，method，timing，target concentration ），leucovorin rescue（rescue timing ，rescue regimen ，rescue dose optimization ），and management of toxicities （liver and kidney function monitoring，supportive treatment ，blood purification treatment ）. This article aims to summarize and interpret the recommendations of this guideline ，so as to promote the better promotion and implementation of this guideline and provide comprehensive technical support and suggestions for whole-course individualized administration of high-dose methotrexate in China.

OBJECTIVE：To provid e reference for pharmaceutical workers to better understand Novel Coronavirus Infection ： Expert Consensus on Guidance and Prevention Strategies for Hospital Pharmacists and the Pharmacy Workforce （hereinafter referred to as “expert consensus ”），and to apply and practice in specific work ，so as to give full play to the role of pharmacists to help fight the epidemic.METHODS ：The background of the formulation and revision of the expert consensus were introduced ，and its main contents and viewpoints were interpreted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The text of expert consensus is divided into 8 parts，mainly including disease diagnosis and treatment [SARS-CoV- 2 infection related background ，clinical manifestations and diagnosis， treatment]，hospital pharmacy （prevention and control strategy ，work guidance ），drug and facility support management（key drug/facility/equipment support ，management and use of the drug in special circumstances ），information sources and related resources ，etc.，which comprehensively and detailedly provide information ，guidance and strategies for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control to play the role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy well ，do well in the protection of staff in different pharmaceutical posts ，drug security work in response to epidemic situation ，and develop pharmaceutical care. So far，the understanding of SARS-CoV- 2 in the pharmaceutical industry is relatively limited. Based on the accumulated experience and progress in epidemic prevention and control ，the expert consensus will be updated and improved continuously ，so as to provide guidance and help for hospital pharmaceutical personnel.

OBJECTIVE：To provide re ference f or hospital pharmacy prevention and control management during novel coronavirus（SARS-CoV-2）infection epidemic period. METHODS ：Based on 5M1E analysis method ，according to the needs of epidemic prevention and control ，it is necessary to analyze the risks of 5 aspects as personnel ，equipment and materials ，methods， environment，monitoring of the pharmacy work in hospital ，and establish the prevention and control strategy of hospital pharmacy infection in response to the epidemic situation of novel coronavirus pneumonia （COVID-19）according to the corresponding risks. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Personnel management strategies include carrying out pharmacist prevention and control training ， focusing on physical and mental health of pharmacists during infection prevention and control ；equipment and materials management strategies include strengthening equipment disinfection management and strengthening the management of materials for infection prevention and control ；method management strategies include developing emergency plans for infection prevention and control，standardizing individual infection prevention and control method ；environment management strategies include environment cleaning and disinfection management ，infection exposure management of related medical material ，medical waste management ； monitoring management strategies include strengthening pharmacists infection monitoring and evaluating pharmacists ’prevention and control effect. By establishing the strategy for COVID- 19 epidemic prevention and control ，it can effectively guiding pharmacists to carry out epidemic prevention and control.

ObjectiveTo study the appearances and dynamic changes of chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in clinically diagnosed critical influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia.MethodsOne hundred chest HRCT scanning examinations were performed in 36 cases of influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia who were diagnosed by the clinical manifestations in one month.The onset,progress and resolve of pulmonary manifestations were analyzed.Results Chest HRCT was performed in six patients,and small patchy opacity presented in three cases and ground-glass opacities presented in the other three cases within 3 days after onset when the disease was at the initial stage.Multiple larger opacities were visualized in all cases at the progressive stage (3 days later after onset),which included the pure ground-glass opacities (9 cases,25.0％ ),ground-glass opacities accompanied by consolidations (20 cases,55.6％),prominent consolidations (7 cases,19.4％),and accompanied pleural lesions (10,27.8％).The lesions strongly progressed within (8.0± 2.6) d and distinctly absorption in all cases (100.0％,36/36) within (16.0±4.8) d after onset of the disease.The pulmonary interstitial hyperplasia was found in 23 cases (63.9％).Dynamic change types of the lesions include absorption after progression,absorption and progression coexistence then absorption and gradually absorption,andabsorptionafterprogressionwas themajor type(41.7％).ConclusionHRCT could distinctly demonstrate the shape,range and dynamic changes of pulmonary lesions of critical influenza A (H1 N1) pneumonia.

Objective To explore the chest features of patients with the novel influenza type A H1N1 on HRCT. Methods One hundred and seventy-two chest HRCT examinations on 163 cases with Influenza type A H1N1 (9 cases were reexamed) were retrospectively analyzed using standard pulmonary window and mediastinal window, respectively. HRCT imaging appearances were summarized. Results Ninety-seven cases showed normal on chest HRCT, while the others showed abnormalities of parenchymal and interstitial. Among them, HRCT identified ground-glass opacity in 35 cases (53.0%), centrilobular nodules in 30 cases (45.5%), thickening of intralobular septa in 31 cases (47.0%), intralobular thin reticulation and micro-nodule in 8 cases (12.1%), single-lobular inflammation in 19 cases (28.8%), consolidation of lung(the large consolidation and multiple small consolidations)in 15 cases (22.7%), pulmonary atelectasis in 3 cases (4.5%), and irregular lines in 2 cases (3.0%). Pleurisy was also revealed including 8 cases with right pleurisy, 5 cases with left pleurisy, and 19 cases with bilateral pleurisy. Mediastinal and axillary lymphadenopathy were found in 7 cases, who were spared of pleural effusion. All above abnormalities resolved quickly after anti- virus treatment. Conclusion Parenchymal and interstitial abnormalities, mediastinum and axillary fossa lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion were the common findings on HRCT in patients with Influenza type A H1N1, which were similar to those of other viral pneumonia.