OBJECTIVES: To design and prepare silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel. METHODS: The thiol modified silk fibroin and the double-bond modified hyaluronic acid were rapidly cured into gels through thiol-ene click polymerization under ultraviolet light condition. The grafting rate of modified silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid was characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy; the gel point and the internal microstructure of hydrogels were characterized by rheological test and scanning electron microscopy; the mechanical properties were characterized by compression test; the swelling rate and degradation rate were determined by mass method. The hydrogel was co-cultured with the cells, the cytotoxicity was measured by the lactate dehydrogenase method, the cell adhesion was measured by the float count method, and the cell growth and differentiation on the surface of the gel were observed by scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscope. RESULTS: The functional group substitution degrees of modified silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid were 17.99% and 48.03%, respectively. The prepared silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel had a gel point of 40-60 s and had a porous structure inside the gel. The compressive strength was as high as 450 kPa and it would not break after ten cycles. The water absorption capacity of the composite hydrogel was 4-10 times of its own weight. Degradation experiments showed that the hydrogel was biodegradable, and the degradation rate reached 28%-42% after 35 d. The cell biology experiments showed that the cytotoxicity of the composite gel was low, the cell adhesion was good, and the growth and differentiation of the cells on the surface of the gel were good. CONCLUSIONS The photocurable silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel can form a gel quickly, and has excellent mechanical properties, adjustable swelling rate and degradation degree, good biocompatibility, so it has promising application prospects in biomedicine.
Fibroins/chemistry* ; Hydrogels/chemistry* ; Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry* ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Click Chemistry ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Silk/chemistry*

This present study is to detect the content of free thiols(-SH) in the horn derived traditional Chinese medicines( TCMs) from different animals and different regions by using fluorescence derivatization method. TCEP was used as a disulfide bond reducing agent,while SBD-F as a derivatization reagent. Fluorescent spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of-SH,and the maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength were set as 375 and 510 nm,respectively. As a result,under the optimized condition,the extraction of Caprae Hircus Cornu showed the highest free-SH concentration,followed by Bovis Grunniens Cornu,Bubali Cornu,and Elaphuri Davidiani Cornu. In the present study,we point out that the-SH-contained components might be the most important material basis in animal horn derived TCMs. With good accurate,sensitive and rapid properties,the present method can provide reference basis for the quality evaluation of animal horn derived TCMs and guides for the investigation on effective material basis.
Animals ; Cornus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Horns ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Sulfhydryl Compounds

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the heart tissue of rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Rats were divided into 2 groups (A and B) with 12 animals each, and further subdivided into 4 subgroups (A1 and A2, 6 animals/each; and B1 and B2, 6 animals/each). Animals in the groups B1 and B2 were subcutaneously inoculated with T. evansi. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), reduced glutathione activity (GSH), and non-protein thiols (NPSH) in the heart tissue were evaluated. At day 5 and 15 post-infection (PI), an increase in the TBARS levels and a decrease in the SOD activity (P<0.05) were observed. GSH and GST activities were decreased in infected animals at day 15 PI (P<0.05). Considering the proper functioning of the heart, it is possible that the changes in the activity of these enzymes involved in the oxidative stress may be related, at least in part, in the pathophysiology of rats infected with T. evansi.
Animals ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Transferase ; Heart* ; Oxidative Stress* ; Rats* ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Trypanosoma*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa (NS) extract on memory performance and its possible mechanisms in scopolamine (Sco)-induced spatial memory impairment model using Morris water maze test.

METHODSThirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received saline instead of both NS extract and Sco. The Sco group was treated by saline for two weeks, and was injected by Sco (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 min before each trail in Morris water maze test. Sco+NS 200 and Sco+NS 400 groups were daily treated by 200 or 400 mg/kg of NS (intraperitoneally) for two weeks, respectively, and were finally injected by Sco 30 min before Morris water maze test. The brains of animals were removed to determine the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress criteria in cortical tissues.

RESULTSTime latency and path length in the Sco group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.01), while the Sco+NS 400 group showed a significantly shorter traveled path length and time latency compared with the Sco group (P<0.01). AChE activity in the cortical tissues of the Sco group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01), while AChE activity in the Sco+NS 200 and Sco+NS 400 groups was lower than the Sco group (P<0.01). Following Sco administration, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were increased (P<0.01) in comparison with the control group, while cortical total thiol content decreased (P<0.01). Pretreatment with extracts caused a significant elevation in cortical total thiol content (P<0.01) and reduction in cortical MDA concentration (P<0.01) compared with the Sco group.

CONCLUSIONSHydro-alcoholic extract of NS prevents Sco-induced spatial memory deficits and decreases the AChE activity as well as oxidative stress of brain tissues in rats. Our results support the traditional belief about the beneficial effects of NS in nervous system. Moreover, further investigations are needed for better understanding of this protective effect.

Acetylcholinesterase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory Disorders ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Nigella sativa ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats, Wistar ; Reaction Time ; drug effects ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Spatial Memory ; drug effects ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; metabolism ; Water ; chemistry

The aimed of this study was to prepare stabilized thiomers to overcome the poor stability character of traditional thiomers. Poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine (PAA-Cys) was synthesized by conjugating cysteine with poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine-6-mercaptonicotinic acid (PAA-Cys-6MNA, stabilized thiomers) was synthesized by grafting a protecting group 6-mercaptonicotinic acid (6MNA) with PAA-Cys. The free thiol of PAA-Cys was determined by Ellmann's reagent method and the ratio of 6MNA coupled was determined by glutathione reduction method. The study of permeation enhancement and stabilized function was conducted by using Franz diffusion cell method, with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) used as model drug. The influence of polymers on tight junctions of Caco-2 cell monolayer was detected with laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. The results indicated that both PAA-Cys and PAA-Cys-6MNA could promote the permeation of FD4 across excised rat intestine, and the permeation function of PAA-Cys-6MNA was not influence by the pH of the storage environment and the oxidation of air after the protecting group 6MNA was grafted. The distribution of tight junction protein of Caco-2 cell monolayer F-actin was influenced after incubation with PAA-Cys and PAA-Cys-6MNA. In conclusion, stabilized thiomers (PAA-Cys-6MNA) maintained the permeation function compared with the traditional thiomers (PAA-Cys) and its stability was improved. The mechanism of the permeation enhancement function of the polymers might be related to their influence on tight junction relating proteins of cells.
Acrylic Resins ; chemistry ; Actins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cysteine ; chemistry ; Dextrans ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; analogs & derivatives ; Glutathione ; Humans ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; Nicotinic Acids ; chemistry ; Rats ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEFlavonoids are present in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and prevention of human disease, including neurodegenerative disorders. We assessed the effect of rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) on oxidative stress in kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure.

METHODSThirty-six BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups. In the control group, saline (intra-peritoneal, i.p.) was administered for 7 d, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min after administration of saline. In rutin groups, mice were pretreated with rutin (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 d, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min after administration of rutin. Subsequently, behavioural changes were observed in mice. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress were measured respectively in the early and late phases after KA-induced seizures.

RESULTSSeizure scores in the rutin groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, rutin dose-dependently inhibited the number of wet-dog shakes (WDS) (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde level in the hippocampus of the rutin groups was significantly lower than that in the hippocampus of the control group on days 1 and 21 after KA administration. In the rutin groups, the thiol levels observed on day 1 after KA administration were higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that rutin has potential anticonvulsant and antioxidative activities against oxidative stress in KA-induced seizure in mice.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Kainic Acid ; toxicity ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Rutin ; pharmacology ; Seizures ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; analysis

Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia caused by insulin autoantibodies in the absence of exogenous insulin administration. Some drugs containing sulfhydryl compounds are known to initiate the onset of IAS. A 67-year-old female who had diabetes for 5 years visited the outpatient clinic at our institution due to diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. She was prescribed alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), which contains two sulfur atoms. Two weeks later, she complained of recurrent hypoglycemic symptoms. We detected a high level of insulin and high titers of insulin autoantibodies. Her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype included the DRB1*0406 allele, which indicates a high level of susceptibility to IAS. She was treated with prednisolone. After this episode, she experienced two more hypoglycemic events after taking ALA for diabetic neuropathy in other hospitals. As ALA can be used to treat diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy, physician discretion is advised based on the possibility of IAS due to ALA in diabetic patients.
Aged ; Alleles ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Autoantibodies ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin Antibodies ; Insulin* ; Leukocytes ; Polyneuropathies ; Prednisolone ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Sulfur ; Thioctic Acid*

Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia caused by insulin autoantibodies in the absence of exogenous insulin administration. Some drugs containing sulfhydryl compounds are known to initiate the onset of IAS. A 67-year-old female who had diabetes for 5 years visited the outpatient clinic at our institution due to diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. She was prescribed alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), which contains two sulfur atoms. Two weeks later, she complained of recurrent hypoglycemic symptoms. We detected a high level of insulin and high titers of insulin autoantibodies. Her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype included the DRB1*0406 allele, which indicates a high level of susceptibility to IAS. She was treated with prednisolone. After this episode, she experienced two more hypoglycemic events after taking ALA for diabetic neuropathy in other hospitals. As ALA can be used to treat diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy, physician discretion is advised based on the possibility of IAS due to ALA in diabetic patients.
Aged ; Alleles ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Autoantibodies ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin Antibodies ; Insulin* ; Leukocytes ; Polyneuropathies ; Prednisolone ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Sulfur ; Thioctic Acid*

Redox signal transduction, especially the oxidative modification of proein thiols, correlates with many diseases and becomes an expanding research area. However, there was rare method for quick and specific detection of protein thiols and their oxidative modification in living cells. In this article, we review the current chemical strategies for the detection and quantification of protein thiols and related cysteine oxidation. We also look into the future of the development of fluorescent probes for protein thiols and their potential application in the research of reactive cysteine proteomes and early detection of redox-related diseases.
Animals ; Cysteine ; metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Humans ; Nitrosation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Reactive Nitrogen Species ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Sulfenic Acids ; analysis ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; analysis ; chemistry ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress in various clinical forms of hepatitis B infection and to investigate its role in the development of the chronic form of the disease. METHODS: Ninety-three patients with inactive hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) carrier state (IHBCS), 65 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB), and 42 healthy adults were included in the study. The following values were measured and compared in patient groups: total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), sulfhydryl (SH), lipid peroxidation (LOOH), catalase (CAT), and ceruloplasmin. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, these values were compared with HBV DNA and fibrosis levels. RESULTS: ALT, TOS, LOOH, and OSI levels were higher in the CHB group compared to the other groups (P<0.001). Catalase levels increased in the CHB and IHBCS groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). Total aminooxidant and ceruloplasmin levels were found to be lowest in the CHB group and highest in the control group (P<0.001). Sulfhyrdyl was higher in the control group compared to the other groups (P<0.001). In the CHB group, there was no correlation between the HBV DNA and OSI (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These finding suggested that oxidative stress is associated with hepatitis B activity.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Carrier State ; Catalase/blood ; DNA, Viral/*analysis ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Hepatitis B/*metabolism/pathology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood ; Hepatitis B virus/*genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Oxidative Stress ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/blood ; Young Adult