Identification of Yeast Species Isolated from Dental Plaque of Periodontitis Patients and Healthy Subjects Using TYI-S-33 Medium Yeast is a ubiquitous microorganism commonly found in various parts of the human body, including the oral cavity. In healthy individuals, they typically exist as commensals; however, under specific conditions, they can transition to a pathogenic state, contributing to the onset and progression of diseases such as periodontitis. This study aimed to compare the composition and density of yeast species in the subgingival dental plaque of periodontitis patients and healthy subjects. Subgingival dental plaque samples were collected from 15 periodontitis patients and 15 healthy subjects. The samples were cultured in TYI-S-33 medium, and 16 viable isolates were analysed. Species identification was conducted using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and yeast density was estimated using the McFarland method. Six species of yeast were identified among the isolates. A comparative analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in yeast species composition and density between the two groups. These findings highlight the diversity, prevalence, and density of yeast species in the oral cavities of periodontitis patients compared to those of healthy subjects, although their specific role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remains inconclusive. Future research should focus on exploring the interactions between yeasts and other components of the oral microbiome to better understand their role in oral health and disease progression.

ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT ON DENTURE BASE RESIN THROUGH MICROCAPSULES DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY USING TEA TREE OIL AND ITS CHARACTERISATION The introduction of organic materials into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin has been implemented to reinforce the antimicrobial properties in oral denture bases. A new drug delivery technique using polylactic acid (PLA) microcapsules infuses with organic ingredients such as tea tree oil (TTO). When incorporated into PMMA resin, these microcapsules will provide an effective antifungal effect on the denture surface. The objective is to investigate the antifungal interaction of PLA/TTO microcapsules in polymerised PMMA denture base resin against Candida albicans. An advanced encapsulation technique was performed to synthesise PLA microcapsules containing TTO. The TTO/PLA microcapsules were characterised using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three different concentrations of prepared microcapsules (TTO: PLA (% w/w)), 10%, 50% and 100% were incorporated into polymerised PMMA denture resin. The tested materials were subsequently evaluated for antifungal activity for several weeks at intervals of 7, 14 and 30 days using the well diffusion test. Further observation through SEM was included to assess the attachment of oral microorganisms to the surface of the modified denture base. From the spectroscopic analysis, the microcapsules were successfully synthesised using a new drug delivery encapsulation method. The antifungal activity of polymerised PMMA denture incorporated with TTO/PLA microcapsules demonstrated a significant effect (p<0.05) against C. albicans, where the inhibition area increased as the concentration increased. The study demonstrated that organic TTO can be encapsulated with PLA, potentially serving as a drug delivery vehicle for controlling drug release. Incorporating TTO/PLA microcapsules into PMMA denture base can significantly enhance the antifungal effect on the denture surface, offering potential usefulness for denture users in the future.

ABSTRACT The antagonistic effect of probiotics against oral pathogens merits exploration because these bacteria are beneficial to the host’s health. The antimicrobial activity of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius, as well as L. casei and L. salivarius combination (1:1), was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis using agar-well diffusion, auto-aggregation and coaggregation assays. L. salivarius cell-free supernatant (CFS) alone exhibited greater inhibitory effect against Streptococci spp. compared to L. casei CFS alone and the combination. However, no inhibition was observed for Candida spp. L. salivarius alone exhibited significantly stronger auto-aggregation than L. casei alone (p ≤ 0.05) and L. casei and L. salivarius combination. L. salivarius exhibited strong coaggregation ability with Candida spp., followed by Streptococci spp. while L. casei exhibited coaggregation only with Streptococci spp. However, L. casei and L. salivarius combination did not display any coaggregation with all strains. L. salivarius alone exhibited a stronger antagonistic effect on the tested organisms than L. casei alone or in combination. Based on the results, both probiotic strains showed good antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and should be further studied for their human health benefits.
Lacticaseibacillus casei--pathogenicity ; Ligilactobacillus salivarius--pathogenicity

Introduction: This preliminary cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among blood donors in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 56 blood donors were screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-T. gondii Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Positive T. gondii IgG and IgM were further tested for IgG avidity ELISA. All extracted deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from whole blood samples were analyzed for the presence of the Toxoplasma B1 gene and the ITS1 region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The socio-demographic data of donors was assessed using a data collection form. Results: Out of 56 blood donors, 24 (42.86%) donors were IgG+/IgM-, and 2 (3.57%) donors were IgG+/IgM+ with one of them having a high avidity index indicating as past infection for more than 20 weeks and the other with a low avidity index indicating as recent infection within 20 weeks. None of the samples tested positive for the presence of the Toxoplasma B1 gene and the ITS1 region. A univariate analysis showed that only employment status was significantly associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among blood donors in Kelantan, Malaysia, was 46.43%. Nevertheless, direct detection by PCR showed that this parasite was absent in the blood. These results highlight that the blood donors in this study had previously been exposed to T. gondii infection. The parasite may still remain in certain tissues but does not freely circulate in the blood.

Worldwide there has been a significant increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) etiologically attributed to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). Reliable and accurate identification and detection tools are important as the incidence of HPV-related cancer is on the rise. Several HPV detection methods for OPSCC have been developed and each has its own advantages and disadvantages in regard to sensitivity, specificity, and technical difficulty. This review summarizes our current knowledge of molecular methods for detecting HPV in OPSCC, including HPV DNA/RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC), and DNA/RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. This summary may facilitate the selection of a suitable method for detecting HPV infection, and therefore may help in the early diagnosis of HPV-related carcinoma to reduce its mortality, incidence, and morbidity.

Euphorbia tirucalli are reported to possess antibacterial activity against various microorganisms. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Euphorbia tirucalli stems extracts (methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts) against dental caries-related bacteria, i.e. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). The antibacterial properties were determined using agar-well diffusion method at different extract concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mg/ml). Commercially available amoxicillin (10 µg) was used as positive control while the appropriate solvent served as negative control. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia tirucalli stem were found to be effective against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. However, the aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli stem showed no activity against both bacterial strains. The differences in the antibacterial properties in different extracts of Euphorbia tirucalli may be due to the differences in phytochemical constituents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial herbal-based mouthrinses against oral microorganisms. METHODS: A total of three mouthrinses (OX, Pesona and Watsons) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six oral organisms, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) by standard agar-disk diffusion assay. Oradex mouthrinse containing 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and sterile distilled water was served as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS: All mouthrinse formulations were effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans. Among the tested mouthrinses, Pesona was the only effective mouthrinse against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, similar to Oradex mouthrinse. Pesona mouthrinse formulation appears to be as effective as Oradex mouthrinse formulation to kill S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the tested formulations regarding their antimicrobial activities (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pesona was not the only herbal mouthrinse effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans in vitro. All tested formulations were effective against those strains. Our findings may serve as a guide for selecting a kind of herbal mouthrinses as well as providing information to the dental professionals about the efficacy of these products.