Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, has emerged as a major contributor to the development and progression of IHD. The presence of MetS significantly increases cardiovascular risk and worsens clinical outcomes in patients with established coronary artery disease.
We summarize current evidence on the role of metabolic syndrome in ischemic heart disease, with a focus on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Key mechanisms linking MetS to IHD include insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and pro-thrombotic states, all of which promote atherosclerosis and plaque instability. In addition, emerging biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂), adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines provide further insight into the complex interaction between metabolic disturbances and ischemic heart disease.
Understanding the role of metabolic syndrome in IHD is essential for early risk stratification and targeted prevention strategies. Comprehensive management of metabolic syndrome components may reduce the incidence, severity, and recurrence of ischemic heart disease. This review highlights the importance of an integrated metabolic and cardiovascular approach in the prevention and management of IHD.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 85–90% of all primary renal malignancies in adults and 1–3% of all cancers worldwide, with incidence rising steadily year by year. Clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (pRCC), and chromophobe (chRCC) subtypes differ significantly in genetic alterations, biological behavior, and treatment response, making preoperative subtype identification clinically important. Conventional qualitative CT assessment is limited, and contrast-enhanced CT-based radiomics may represent a novel diagnostic approach. Aim: To develop a model for preoperative differentiation of ccRCC from non-ccRCC subtypes using contrast-enhanced CT-based radiomics, and to evaluate its diagnostic performance through internal and external validation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 121 patients with histopathologically confirmed RCC treated at the Urology–Andrology Center of the First Central Hospital of Mongolia between 2021 and 2024. Patients were categorized into ccRCC (n=84) and non-ccRCC (n=37) groups. Tumor segmentation was performed on corticomedullary phase CT images using 3D Slicer software, and a total of 122 radiomic features were extracted, including first-order uniformity, gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), gray-level run-length matrix (GLRLM), shape flatness, and GLCM maximum probability. Diagnostic performance was assessed by ROC analysis, and model generalizability was evaluated through external validation (n=73). Results: GLRLM demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the ccRCC (mean 0.1230) and non-ccRCC (mean 0.0170) groups (p<0.001). ROC analysis yielded an optimal cut-off value of 0.1493 for GLRLM, with an internal validation AUC of 0.9103, sensitivity of 83.3%, and specificity of 92.3% (p<0.01). External validation (n=73) achieved an AUC of 0.860 and an accuracy of 86.0%, confirming the model’s generalizability. First-order uniformity (AUC=0.880) and variance (AUC=0.862) showed comparable discriminative performance to GLRLM, whereas flatness (AUC=0.584) and GLCM Imc2 (AUC=0.621) demonstrated relatively poor discriminative ability. Confusion matrix analysis yielded an accuracy of 86.0% in both internal and external validation cohorts. Conclusion Non-invasive CT-based radiomics demonstrates the ability to accurately differentiate RCC subtypes preoperatively with high precision (AUC=0.92), as confirmed by both internal and external validation.

Background: Studies on the risk of kidney stone disease by age and gender show that the prevalence varies by countries and regions, particularly influenced by the conutry development, population diet, etc. In our country, research on kidney stones has been scarce over the past two decades. Aim: To study the age and gender characteristics of patients undergoing surgical treatment for kidney stones. Materials and Methods: Data from a total of 551 individuals who underwent surgical treatment at the Urology Department of the First State Central Hospital over a six-month period (01.01.2024-06.01.2024) were analyzed. The age and gender characteristics of patients diagnosed with kidney stones were studied, and logistic regression was used to test the true probabilities. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27 software, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: Kidney stones were present in 12.5% of surgical patients (n=69), while other urological diseases accounted for 87.5% (n=482). The mean age of patients with kidney stones was 46.46±12.6 years, which is relatively younger compared to patients with other urological surgical conditions (mean age=55.77, SD=16.174). Regarding the prevalence of kidney stones by gender, females accounted for 56.5% and males 43.5%. Considering the gender distribution of all patients receiving urological surgical care, females constituted 19.9% compared to 8.5% for males, nearly double the incidence. According to logistic regression analysis, women had a 1.5-fold higher risk of developing kidney stones compared to men (OR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.5–4.2, p<0.01). The highest prevalence was observed in the 36–55-year age group, while individuals aged over 55 years had a significantly lower risk (OR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.10–0.39, p<0.001). Conclusion Kidney stones were identified in 12.5% of individuals who underwent urological surgery. The majority of hospitalized patients with kidney stones were aged 36–55 years, and women comprised 56.5% of these cases.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease-related mortality accounts for 34% globally, 23% in the United States, and 22% in Europe, with Asia representing 35% of total deaths as of 2019. In Asia, ischemic heart disease and stroke are the most common causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the prevalence of these two types of CVD varies significantly across different regions and countries in Asia. Over the last 10 years, the average number of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases has been 5.7 thousand annually, representing 33.7% of total mortality. Cardiovascular diseases account for 11.1% of all illnesses, and as of 2021, the rate has increased by 128 compared to the average of the past 10 years, reaching 936 per 10.000 population. As cardiovascular disease-related mortality is the leading cause of death worldwide, every country has criteria for calculating the 10-year risk of CVD to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. These criteria are crucial for predicting the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases in individuals with or without diabetes. Purpose: To assess the risk of heart disease in people aged 40-74 years without cardiovascular disease. Material and Methods: A total of 394 individuals aged 40-74 were included in the study. Blood samples were taken to determine lipid profiles and fasting glucose levels. Using the World Health Organization's (2019) revised cardiovascular disease risk assessment model (which considers age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, total cholesterol, LDL and BMI), the 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease was calculated using both laboratory-based and non-laboratory based risk assessment criteria. Statistical analysis of the study was performed using SPSS 26 software, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Ethics: The methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Sub-Committee of the Ach medical university on the 30th of June, 2023 (Decision #23/02/03) Result: The average age of the adults included in the study was 49.3±14.7 years. Among those aged 40-74 who participated in the CVD risk assessment criteria, the average age was 53.7±9 years, with men having an average age of 54.6±9.3 (117 participants) and women having an average age of 53±8.7 (223 participants). The total cardiovascular risk of the study participants was 54.8% very low, 15.7% low, 13.2% moderate, 8.1% high, and 8.1% very high according to laboratory-based assessment, while the non-laboratory based assessment showed 49% very low, 20.7% low, 16.8% moderate, 7.7% high and 5.9% very high risk).
Among all participants, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was assessed as follows: 26.9% (95% CI: 22.6–31.6%) were smokers, 60.5% (95% CI: 55.4–65.3%) consumed alcohol, 46.4% (95% CI: 42.4–50.2%) had arterial hypertension, 10.4% (95% CI: 0.76–13.9%) had diabetes mellitus, 75% were obese, 78.4% (95% CI: 74.2–81.6%) had central obesity, 24.4% (95% CI: 18.5–31%) had hyperglycemia, 42.6% (95% CI: 35.6–49.9%) had hypercholesterolemia, 19.3% (95% CI: 14–25.5%) had hypertriglyceridemia, and 11.3% (95% CI: 0.71–16.7%) had elevated low-density lipoprotein levels.
The total cardiovascular risk of the study participants was 54.8% very low, 15.7% low, 13.2% moderate, 8.1% high, and 8.1% very high according to laboratory-based assessment, while the non-laboratory based assessment showed 49% very low, 20.7% low, 16.8% moderate, 7.7% high and 5.9% very high risk.
These distributions showed a statistically significant difference compared to the group without arterial hypertension (p<0.0001). Additionally, comparison of risk between individuals with and without diabetes mellitus using laboratory-based assessment also revealed a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). The concordance between the two models was 88.8% (95% CI: 83.6–92.9) with a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of κ=0.6, indicating moderate agreement with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Conclusion 75% of the people surveyed were obese and 78.4% had central obesity, with men at greater risk than women. The cardiovascular risk of having arterial hypertension and diabetes is further increased. The correlation coefficient of the risk estimates showed a strong correlation across gender and age groups. The agreement between the risk estimate models was 88.8%, or a moderate agreement with Cohen's coefficient (k=0.6).

Sleep fulfills the vital physiological needs of the human body. However, 45 percent of the world’s population suffers from sleep problems.
In this article, Sugmel 3 tan /prescription/ widely used in traditional medicine for insomnia was selected and biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of the plants included in the prescription were reviewed. Essential oils from fruits of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep and Cuminum cyminum L. are considered to relax the body and mind to improve a night of sleep. Pharmacological and clinical studies of piperine isolated from Piper longum L. fruits demonstrated that the compound possessed anti-depression-like activity and cognitive enhancing effect.

Background: Serum natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a critical biomarker for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the need for its early detection and prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the serum NT-proBNP levels in participants with CKD and establish a cut-off value for predicting heart failure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to July 1,2024. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Sciences (Approval No.24/01). A total of 117 CKD patients hospitalized in the Nephrology and Endocrinology Department of the third state hospital were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory and heart ultrasound test results. Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured using a rapid immunofluorescence quantitative analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0. Results: The mean age of the 117 participants was 57.9 ± 14.7 years, with 51.3% being male. The mean serum NT-proBNP level was 7686 ± 12149 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were observed in serum creatinine, sodium, calcium, CKD stage, and arterial hypertension between genders (p<0.05). NT-proBNP levels in hemodialysis patients differed significantly between heart failure and non-heart failure groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found in hemoglobin, serum albumin, NT-proBNP levels, and CKD stages (p<0.05). NT-proBNP correlated significantly with risk factors such as hemodialysis, diabetes, and decreased systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). A weak inverse relationship was noted between systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP (R² = 0.16). The NT-proBNP cut-off value for predicting heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with an AUC of 61.7% (sensitivity: 74.5%, specificity: 55%). Conclusion Serum NT-proBNP levels are elevated in CKD patients regardless of heart failure. The established cut-off value for NT-proBNP in CKD patients to detect heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with moderate diagnostic utility (AUC = 61.7%).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. As the disease progresses, it leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its inactive fragment, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), are biomarkers widely used in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Their role in CKD, however, is complex due to the overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms between cardiac and renal dysfunctions. This literature review aims to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients with CKD, highlighting their clinical relevance, the impact of renal function on their levels, and potential therapeutic implications. The review focuses on studies published in the last decade, examining the clinical applications, outcomes, and challenges associated with using BNP and NT-proBNP as biomarkers in CKD patients.

Cardiovascular diseases related death rates have been declining over, but during the two decades, mortality and morbidity attributable by cardiovascular diseases are continuously taking the first place among the leading causes of morbidity and deaths among the population. Statistics show that >4 million people die each year from cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes in Europe. The World Health Organization reports that in less developed and developing countries, obesity and mortality are expected to continue to increase, depending on the age of the population and the characteristics of lifestyle.
Dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and is a known risk factor for development and progression of atherosclerosis in CAD.
Dyslipidemia and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and account for more than 80% of deaths and disability in low- and middle-income countries. Increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipid (HDL)-cholesterol and decreased low-density lipid (LDL)-cholesterol are known to be associated with major risk factors for CVD. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL-C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-C of only 10 mg·L(-1) leads to a risk reduction of 2-3%. A recent meta-analysis, including 302.430 subjects from 68 long-term prospective studies, supported the importance of HDL-C measurement in the risk assessment for CAD.
However, data about the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipid profile among Mongolian adult are rare in the literature. In recent years, rapid urbanization, unhealthy diet, increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes have led to an increased rate of CVD around the world.

A lot of factors can cause coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke including external risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol consumption, decreased physical activity, obesity while arterial maintenance, high blood sugar, increased LDL are internal risk factors. We can reduce our external risk factors by changing our lifestyle. Recent studies have shown increased blood Lp(a) levels are independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. After 1987, the number of publications has increased since the cDNA homology sequence of Lp(a) and plasminogen 2 was identified. Lp(a) is protein complex consisting from apolipoprotein, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters and tryglyceride. Apoliprotein is a lipid that binds with lipoprotein. Lipoproteins have water-soluble and fat-soluble parts, and those parts bind to lipids and are transported in the bloodstream.How is elevated Lp(a) a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? How much does lowering Lp(a) reduce CVD risk factors? If high Lp(a) concentrations are present, mitigation measures are outlined below.

Background: The American Heart Association estimates that more than 1 million people die each year from acute coronary heart disease and half a million from acute coronary syndrome, and that $ 115 billion a year is spent on diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease [Word Health Organization, 2013]. Goal: In this study we aimed to using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease. Material and methods: From 2018 to 2021, we performed a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan with a Philips Ingenuity 64-slice computed tomography (64 MD-CT) device and examined 47 patients diagnosed with unstable coronary artery disease at the Reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging named after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital.
Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Result: In studying signs of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease that coronary artery diameters more widening to compared healthy artery 16(34.0%±6.9), low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU)- 14(29.8%±6.7), small calcification detect in plaque 36 (74.5%±6.4), ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign)-9(19.2%±5.8), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes- 18 (38.3%±7.1), rupture of intima (dissection)- 8(17.0%±5.5). Conclusion We detect that computed tomography angiography (CCTA)’s specific signs of unstable plaque of coronary artery disease are coronary artery diameters widening, low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU), small calcification detect in plaque, ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes and rupture of intima.