Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium in clinical settings, capable of causing skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, sepsis, infective endocarditis and other illnesses. The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose formidable challenges to clinical treatment. Animal models serve as vital tools for dissecting its pathogenic and drug resistance mechanisms, as well as evaluating novel anti-infective strategies. Four well-established models for S. aureus infection research include skin and soft tissue infection models, osteomyelitis and implant-associated infection models, pneumonia models, and infective endocarditis models. This review systematically elaborates on laboratory animal selection criteria, mainstream modeling protocols, application scenarios, and the respective advantages and limitations of these four model types. Common laboratory animals encompass mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and so forth. Skin and soft tissue infection models feature rapid construction and low costs yet struggle to recapitulate complex chronic lesions. Osteomyelitis and implant-associated infection models are primarily utilized to mimic bacterial biofilm formation and the process of chronic infection. Pneumonia models are applied to investigate acute lung injury and assess drug efficacy. Infective endocarditis models are primarily used to investigate the mechanisms of vegetation formation and evaluate the efficacy of drugs against deep-seated infection. Due to the inherent differences in immune systems between laboratory animals and humans, these existing models generally have limitations. For instance, most animal models employ relatively high bacterial inoculation doses with short experimental cycles, making it difficult to fully recapitulate the clinical process of chronic infection. Future improvements can be realized by developing humanized animal models and organ-on-a-chip in vitro systems to overcome interspecies differences, integrating comorbid factors to enhance clinical relevance, adopting multimodal dynamic assessment systems, and establishing non-animal alternatives. This review aims to provide systematic theoretical references for the rational selection, optimization, and application of animal models of S. aureus infection, thereby contributing to advances in the field of anti-infective research.

Objective To observe the repair effect and mechanism of Danhuang Powder-containing serum on high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell injury.Methods Danhuang Powder-containing serum was prepared.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)were cultured to be divided into control group,recombinant human epidermal growth factor(called"growth factor"for short)group,Danhuang Powder group,high glucose group,high glucose+growth factor group,and high glucose+Danhuang Powder group.After corresponding intervention in each group for 48 hours,the cell ultrastructure and autophagy were observed under transmission electron microscope,apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry,and the protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),epidermal growth factor(EGF)and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)in the cells were detected by Western Blot.Results(1)The intra-mitochondrial ridges in the control group were clearly visible,autophagosomes and autolysosomes were fewer;mitochondria in the high glucose group were swollen and irregular,and appeared vacuolated;and the more typical autophagy-like structures were seen in the high glucose+Danhuang Powder group.(2)Compared with the high glucose group and high glucose+growth factor group,the apoptosis rate of cells in the high glucose+Danhuang Powder group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the high glucose group and the high glucose+growth factor group,the protein expression levels of VEGF,EGF and bFGF in the cells of the high glucose+Danhuang Powder group were significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Danhuang Powder-containing serum can reduce the high glucose-induced damage in HUVEC cells,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of mitochondrial autophagy,and the inhibition of apoptosis,as well as the up-regulation of the expression of VEGF,EGF and bFGF.

Objective To investigate the impact of different application methods of tissue compensators(bolus)on the skin dose delivered to the chest wall following radical mastectomy for breast cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 female patients who underwent radical mastectomy and required chest wall radiotherapy at the hospital between January 2023 and March 2025.The Pinnacle3 9.10 radiotherapy planning system(TPS)was utilized to design two VMAT dual semi-arc radiotherapy plans for each patient,with a prescribed target dose of 50 Gy delivered in 2 Gy fractions over 25 sessions.In Plan 1,a Bolus was applied and optimized during the first 15 fractions,and subsequently removed for the remaining 10 fractions without re-optimization.The sub-field configuration and dose weighting from the initial optimization were retained,and only dose recalculations were performed.The final treatment plan combined both the Bolus-included and Bolus-excluded phases.In contrast,Plan 2 involved the application and optimization of Bolus during the first 15 fractions,followed by its removal and re-optimization of the plan for the last 10 fractions.The two optimized plans were then combined for the overall treatment delivery.Data from the two plan groups were analyzed using a paired sample t-test with SPSS 29.0 software.Results There was a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05)in skin Dmean,V52.5,and V55;heart Dmean,V5,V30,and V40;affected lung Dmean,V5,and V20;PRVcord Dmean and Dmax;healthy breast Dmean,V5,and V10;affected humeral head Dmean and V30;as well as PTV Dmean,V50,V55,D2％,D98％,CI,and MU.Moreover,the dose distribution on the target layer and the DVH curves showed marked differences.However,no statistically significant difference was observed in PTV HI(P=0.125).Conclusion The combination of the two optimized plans,consisting of 15 fractions with bolus and 10 fractions without bolus,more accurately reflects the dose distri-bution within the planned target area and organs at risk,thereby providing enhanced protection for the patient's chest wall skin.

Objective To analyze the composition characteristics and biological functions of tumor cell subpopulations in glioblastoma(GBM)through multi-transcriptomics sequencing technology,and explore the hypoxia characteristics and spatial localization features of the mesenchymal-like(MES-like)tumor cell subpopulation in GBM and the influence on malignant biological behaviors.Methods Multi-transcriptomics sequencing data,including single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)data(18 patients),bulk RNA sequencing(bulk RNA-seq)and spatial transcriptomics(ST)data of GBM,were employed to define cell subpopulations in GBM,and Gene Ontology(GO)and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)were utilized to analyze their functions.The proportions and locations of cell subpopulations in bulk RNA-seq data were evaluated with BayesPrism deconvolution.Immunofluorescence assay was conducted for verification on 12 paraffin samples of GBM from patients who visited the neurosurgical department of our hospital from 2015 to 2023 and met the pathological diagnostic criteria for GBM(10 males and 2 females,at an average age of 53.50 years and a median age of 54.50 years).pySCENIC was applied to predict specific transcription factors of tumor cell subpopulations.Results Tumor cells in GBM were highly heterogeneous,and could be mainly divided into 4 subpopulations:astrocyte-like(AC-like),neural progenitor-like(NPC-like),oligodendrocyte progenitor-like(OPC-like)and MES-like.Differential gene analysis found that the MES-like tumor cells highly expressed vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA),adrenomedullin(ADM),N-myc downstream regulated 1(NDRG1),insulin like growth factor binding protein 5(IGFBP5),and A-kinase anchoring protein 12(AKAP12)(P<0.001).pySCENIC transcription factor prediction found that the high-active transcription factors of the MES-like tumor cells were AT-rich interaction domain 3A(ARID3A),FOS like 2,AP-1 transcription factor subunit(FOSL2),endothelial PAS domain protein 1(EPAS1),CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta(CEBPD),and CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta(CEBPB)(P<0.05).GO and GSEA enrichment analyses found that the MES-like tumor cells were enriched in hypoxia-related pathways,especially the pathway of cell responses to hypoxia levels(NES=2.437,P<0.001).BayesPrism deconvolution showed that the MES-like tumor cells mainly existed in PAN(Pseudopalisading cells around necrosis)and perinecrotic zone.Immunofluorescence assay confirmed CD44+(CD44 antigen)MES-like tumor cells were mainly located in hypoxia areas with highly expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha(HIF1α)(P<0.01).Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the MES-like tumor cells were significantly correlated with the adverse prognosis of GBM patients(HR=1.71,95%CI:1.38～2.11,P<0.001).Conclusion Tumor cells in GBM are of highly heterogeneity.They could be mainly divided into 4 subpopulations:AC-like,NPC-like,OPC-like and MES-like.MES-like tumor cells,mainly locating in PAN and perinecrotic zone,are characterized by hypoxia,which can promote the malignant progression of GBM.

Objective To investigate the impact of different application methods of tissue compensators(bolus)on the skin dose delivered to the chest wall following radical mastectomy for breast cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 female patients who underwent radical mastectomy and required chest wall radiotherapy at the hospital between January 2023 and March 2025.The Pinnacle3 9.10 radiotherapy planning system(TPS)was utilized to design two VMAT dual semi-arc radiotherapy plans for each patient,with a prescribed target dose of 50 Gy delivered in 2 Gy fractions over 25 sessions.In Plan 1,a Bolus was applied and optimized during the first 15 fractions,and subsequently removed for the remaining 10 fractions without re-optimization.The sub-field configuration and dose weighting from the initial optimization were retained,and only dose recalculations were performed.The final treatment plan combined both the Bolus-included and Bolus-excluded phases.In contrast,Plan 2 involved the application and optimization of Bolus during the first 15 fractions,followed by its removal and re-optimization of the plan for the last 10 fractions.The two optimized plans were then combined for the overall treatment delivery.Data from the two plan groups were analyzed using a paired sample t-test with SPSS 29.0 software.Results There was a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05)in skin Dmean,V52.5,and V55;heart Dmean,V5,V30,and V40;affected lung Dmean,V5,and V20;PRVcord Dmean and Dmax;healthy breast Dmean,V5,and V10;affected humeral head Dmean and V30;as well as PTV Dmean,V50,V55,D2％,D98％,CI,and MU.Moreover,the dose distribution on the target layer and the DVH curves showed marked differences.However,no statistically significant difference was observed in PTV HI(P=0.125).Conclusion The combination of the two optimized plans,consisting of 15 fractions with bolus and 10 fractions without bolus,more accurately reflects the dose distri-bution within the planned target area and organs at risk,thereby providing enhanced protection for the patient's chest wall skin.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

BACKGROUND:Mangiferin is a biphenylpyridone compound extracted from mango leaves,bark and roots.Previous studies have shown that mangiferin can exert anti-systemic inflammatory effects through the activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and JAK/STAT. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects and mechanisms of mangiferin on proliferation,migration and inflammatory factor release of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells(RA-FLS). METHODS:RA-FLS were divided into blank group,R848(TLR7/8 agonists)stimulated group,mangiferin low-,medium-,high-dose groups(2,4 and 8 μg/mL)and positive control group(Cu-CPT8,TLR8 pathway inhibitor).The cytotoxic effect of different mass concentrations of mangiferin was detected using cell counting kit-8 method and the final cellular dosing mass concentration was screened.The proliferation ability of RA-FLS was detected by cell clone formation assay,the migration ability of RA-FLS was detected by scratch assay and Transwell migration assay,and the expression of interleukin 1β,interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA in RA-FLS was detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the blank group,the viability of RA-FLS was inhibited after treatment with mangiferin at 2-10 μg/mL,but there was no significant difference among groups(P>0.05),indicating that the toxic effect on RA-FLS was minimal.Compared with the R848-stimulated group,mangiferin decreased the number of cell clones,the scratch healing rate and the number of migrating cells in all dosing groups(P<0.01);and the expression of interleukin 1β,interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA was also reduced in the mangostin medium-and high-dose groups(P<0.01).Compared with the R848-stimulated group,the number of cell clones,the scratch healing rate and the number of migrating cells as well as the expression levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA were significantly reduced in the positive control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).But there was no significant difference in the expression level of interleukin 1β.To conclude,mangiferin may exert its anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects through the TLR7/8 signaling pathway by inhibiting RA-FLS proliferation,migration,and inflammatory factor release.