Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)are the predominant cell group in the tumor microenvironment(TME)and are the most important regulatory cells of immune system suppression and tumor cell proliferation in TIME.Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP-2)is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that plays an important role in the transmission of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus.SHP-2 is a key intracellular regulatory factor mediating cell proliferation and differentiation and is involved in a variety of growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways linking the cell surface to the nucleus.Recent studies have shown that SHP-2 is a key enzyme in determining the function of TAMs,but because of its variable function,it plays different or even opposite roles in different solid TMEs.This paper reviews the function of SHP-2 in TAMs and related solid tumors to provide a comprehensive reference for tumor immunity and targeted therapy research.

Objective:To explore the surgical methods and treatment effects of adult anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint (AADSJ).Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 25 cases admitted in 5 clinical centers (affiliations of authors in this article) from January 2016 to January 2021. There were 18 males and 7 females, aged 38.8±15.5 years (range, 18-83 years). The AADSJ clinical classification system was formulated based on the radiographic morphology of anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, which includes two types. Type I: complete anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, and displacement of the entire iliac auricular surface to the front of the sacrum. Type II: fracture of the sacroiliac joint combined with anterior dislocation, subdivided into 3 subtypes. Type IIa: iliac fracture involves the anterior 1/3 of the sacroiliac joint, and dislocation of the ilium anterior to the sacrum. Type IIb: iliac fracture involves the posterior 2/3 of the sacroiliac joint, and dislocation of the ilium anterior to the sacrum. Type IIc: iliac fracture involves the posterior 2/3 of the sacroiliac joint, and dislocation of the ilium anteromedial to the sacrum. The reliability and repeatability of the clinical classification, Tile classification and Young-Burgess classification were performed based on the results of two-phase assessments in four observers. The operations were performed by the lateral-rectus approach and the ilioinguinal approach. The operation time and intraoperative bleeding were recorded. Pelvic X-ray and CT scan were rechecked after the operation. The quality of fracture reduction was evaluated according to Matta score. The postoperative functional rehabilitation was evaluated according to the Majeed rehabilitation standard at one-year follow-up.Results:Among 25 cases in this study, there were 3 cases of Type I, 5 cases of Type IIa, 9 cases of Type IIb and 8 cases of Type IIc according to the clinical classification system. The Kappa values of reliability tests for the clinical classification, Tile classification and Young-Burgess classification were 0.681, 0.328 and 0.383, respectively. The Kappa values of repeatability tests for the clinical classification, Tile classification and Young-Burgess classification were 0.690, 0.221 and 0.395, respectively. The reliability and repeatability of the AADSJ clinical classification were significantly better than other classifications. There were 14 cases underwent lateral rectus abdominis approach and 11 cases underwent ilioinguinal approach. The operative time for managing anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint was 122.0±50.7 min (range, 65-148 min) through the lateral rectus abdominis approach, and through the ilioinguinal approach was 178.0±49.9 min (range, 110-270 min), with a significant difference ( t=2.76, P=0.011). The amount of intraoperative blood loss through the lateral rectus approach was 680±330 ml (range, 350-2,120 ml), which was significantly less than that through the ilioinguinal approach (1,660±968 ml, 680-3,300 ml), with a significant difference ( t=3.55, P=0.002). The follow-up period was 1-3 years. At one week after surgery, the quality of fracture reduction evaluated by Matta score showed that the excellent and good reduction rate of the lateral-rectus approach was 79% (11/14), and that of the ilioinguinal approach was 73% (11/14), with no statistically significant difference ( P=1.000). At a one-year follow-up, according to Majeed's criteria, the overall excellent and good rate of the lateral-rectus approach was 64% (9/14), which is similar to 64% (7/11) of that of the ilioinguinal approach. No fracture reduction loss or internal fixation loosening failure occurred. Conclusion:The AADSJ clinical classification system can accurately describe the imaging features and clinical manifestations of AADSJ, with high reliability and repeatability. The AADSJ can be treated by the lateral-rectus approach or the ilioinguinal approach, with similar therapeutic effects but the former having less trauma.

Accurate classification of the acetabular injuries and appropriate treatment plan are great challenges for orthopedic surgeons because of the irregular anatomical structure of the acetabulum and aggregation of important vessels and nerves around it. Letournel-Judet classification system has been widely applied to classify acetabular fractures. However, there are several limitations, including incomplete inclusion of fracture types, difficulty in understanding and insufficient guidance for surgical treatment, etc. Serious complications such as traumatic arthritis are common due to wrong classification and diagnosis and improper selection of surgical strategy, which brings a heavy burden to the society and families. Three-column classification, based on anatomic characteristics, has advantages of containing more fracture types and being easy to understand, etc. To solve the problems existing in the diagnosis and treatment process based on Letournel-Judet classification, achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with acetabular fractures, and obtain satisfactory prognosis, the Orthopedic Trauma Emergency Center of Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University and the Trauma Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Orthopedic Association organized experts from relevant fields to formulate the Expert consensus on the accurate diagnosis and treatment of acetabular fractures based on three-column classification ( version 2023) in terms of principles of evidence-based medicine. Based on the three-column classification, 15 recommendations were proposed, covering the diagnosis, treatment, complication prevention and management, etc, so as to provide reference for accurate diagnosis and treatment of acetabular fractures.

Objective:To explore the application effect of micro-lecture based on virtual reality technology on the standardized residency training in the department of orthopedics.Methods:A total of 40 trainees who received standardized residency training in department of orthopedics from December 2019 to August 2020 were selected and randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 20 cases in each group. For the same orthopedic teaching content, the control group received the conventional training, and the experimental group received micro-lecture teaching based on digital virtual reality technology. And the teaching effect of the two groups and the feedback of the trainees on the teaching were compared. SPSS 22.0 was used for t test. Results:Compared with the students in the control group, the trainees in the experimental group had better performance in theoretical knowledge, comprehension of surgery, and clinical skills, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the trainees in the experimental group scored higher in satisfaction with class interest [(9.69±0.28) vs. (9.24±0.42)] and participation [(4.38±0.43) vs. (4.03±0.62)], with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For the standardized residency training in the department of orthopedics, micro-lecture teaching based on virtual reality technology is more conducive to improving students' academic performance and clinical skills compared with traditional teaching, and increasing the interest and participation of students in the process of standardized residency training.

Objective:To evaluate our self-made distraction reductor used in the percutaneous minimally invasive treatment of calcaneal fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 32 patients (37 feet) who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital to Chongqing Medical University from January 2017 to December 2019 for calcaneal fractures. They were 26 males and 6 females, aged from 20 to 67 years (average, 46.5 years). The height and length of the calcaneus were restored by our self-made tri-plane distraction reductor in all patients; the displaced fracture blocks were reset in a minimally invasive manner in patients with intra-articular fracture; final fixation was performed with a minimally invasive plate and screws. Time for reductor installation, operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded; complications, fracture union and reduction were observed; height, length and width of the calcaneus, ankle-hindfoot scores of American Society of Foot and Ankle Surgery (AOFAS), Maryland scores, and visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded at the last follow-up; B?hler and Gissane angles were compared between pre- and post-operation.Results:All patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months (average, 17.2 months). Time for reductor installation averaged 5.0 min (from 3 to 8 min), operation time 91.5 min(from 70 to 110 min), and intraoperative blood loss 25.2 mL (15 to 50 mL). Superficial infection of traction track occurred in one patient and sural nerve injury in one patient. All fractures united without any reduction loss by the last follow-up. On average, the last follow-up observed a calcaneal height of 39.3 mm, a calcaneal length of 70.6 mm, a calcaneal width of 32.7 mm, an AOFAS score of 87.8, a Maryland score of 86.7 and a VAS score of 2.2. The calcaneal B?hler angle was recovered significantly from 3.7°±13.7° preoperatively to 25.8°±6.4° at the last follow-up, and the calcaneal Gissane angle from 112.2°±21.3° preoperatively to 125.8°±5.7° at the last follow-up ( P< 0.05). Conclusion:In percutaneous minimally invasive treatment of calcaneal fractures, application of our self-made tri-plane distraction reductor can lead to fine clinical efficacy.

Objective:To compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous screw fixation at the key points using a self-made calcaneal distraction device with traditional open reduction plate internal fixation for the treatment of patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs).Methods:A retrospective case-control study was made on clinical data of 60 patients (69 feet) with DIACFs admitted to First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2015 and January 2019. There were 51 males and 9 females, with an average age of 47.2 years [(47.2±8.7)years]. According to the Sanders classification, there were 42 feet of type II, 15 feet of type III and 12 feet of type IV. According to the Essex-Lopresti classification, there were 43 feet of tongue type fractures and 23 feet of joint depression fractures. Another 3 feet were not applicable to this classification system. In Group A, 30 patients (35 feet) were treated by percutaneous reduction or reduction using tarsal sinus approach with the self-made calcaneal distraction device followed by percutaneous screw fixation. In Group B, 30 patients (34 feet) were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with plates using the traditional extended lateral approach. Waiting time for surgery, operation time, length of hospital stay, efficacy of reduction and fracture healing, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Maryland score, visual analog scale (VAS), and incidence of surgical site related complications were compared between groups. The efficacy of reduction was evaluated by measuring the height, length and width as well as the B?hler angle of the calcaneus.Results:All patients were followed up for an average of 28.2 months [(28.2±11.3)months]. The waiting time for surgery in Group A was (3.4±1.3)days, significantly shorter than that in Group B [(6.9±1.9)days] ( P<0.05). The operation time was (91.7±10.3)minutes in Group A and (92.8±11.5)minutes in Group B ( P>0.05). The length of hospital stay in Group A was (7.0±1.4)days, significantly shorter than that in Group B [(12.7±1.7)days] ( P<0.05). At the final follow-up, all fractures were healed, with no reduction loss of fixation observed. The height of the calcaneus was (48.9±2.0)mm in Group A and (49.3±2.6)mm in Group B ( P>0.05). The length of the calcaneus was (83.2±2.9)mm in Group A and (83.5±2.7)mm in Group B ( P>0.05). The width of the calcaneus was (35.8±2.3)mm in Group A and (35.1±1.3)mm in Group B ( P>0.05). The B?hler angle of the calcaneus was (24.7±6.4)° in Group A and (25.9±5.8)° in Group B ( P>0.05). At the final follow-up, the AOFAS score was (87.1±8.5)points in Group A and (86.7±7.8)points in Group B, with the good and excellent rate of 89% (31/35) and 88% (30/34) respectively ( P>0.05). The Maryland score was (85.3±9.5)points in Group A and (84.9±9.5)points in Group B, with the good and excellent rate of 86% (30/35) and 85% (29/34), respectively ( P>0.05). The VAS was (2.3±1.5)points in Group A and (2.5±1.5)points in Group B ( P>0.05). No surgical site related complication was observed in Group A. While in Group B, there was one foot of superficial incision infection, three necrosis of the skin at the edge of the incision, and one deep infection ( P<0.05). Conclusions:For the treatment of DIACFs, percutaneous screw fixation at the key point using the self-made calcaneal distraction device can achieve the same clinical outcome as traditional open reduction plate internal fixation, but it has advantages like significant shorter waiting time for surgery, less invasiveness, faster recovery and lower incidence of incision-related complications. This method is especially suitable for patients with contraindications of open reduction and internal fixation.

Objective: To discuss the clinical outcomes of treating delayed acetabular fractures by combined anterior and posterior approach. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 31 delayed acetabular fractures from February 2012 to February 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, including 18 males and 13 females with age of 48.5 years(23 to 67 years) .The injury to the operation time was 35.9 days(22 to 183 days). Of these 31 cases, there were 6 cases of transverse and posterior wall fracture, 8 cases with anterior column+ posterior half transverse fracture, 12 cases with double column fracture and 5 cases of "T" type fracture according to Letournel-Judet classification.All fractures were treated combined anterior and Kocher-Langenbeck approaches, including 13 cases of ilioinguinal approach+ Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L approach), 4 cases of extensile acetabular approach, 7 cases of stoppa approach + K-L approach and 7 cases of side rectus femoris approach.Correlation was analyzed by Pearson correlation regression testing. Results: Follow up to August 2017, all patients were followed up with 36.0 months(from 6 to 55 months). As calculated, the restorational effect was positively with result of the X-ray film and the clinical effect(r=0.823, 0.856; both P<0.05). The evaluation was conducted with Matta′s reduction criteria: there were 11 cases classified as anatomic reduction(35.5%), 13 cases as satisfactory reduction(41.9%), and 7 cases as unsatisfactory reduction(22.6%). Excellent and good rate was 77.4%. Functional reductions were categorized by the standard of Matta hip score: 8 excellent cases(25.8%), 11 good cases(35.5%), 8 fail cases(25.8%), and 4 poor cases(12.9%). Conclusion The treatment of delayed acetabular fracture by combined anterior and posterior approach can fully exposure the anterior and posterior acetabular fcloumns, which is beneficial to the release and fixation of the old acetabular fractures.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of lumbopelvic fixation of vertically unstable Tile type C pelvic fractures combined with complex sacral fractures.Methods A prospective study was made on 21 cases of vertically unstable type C pelvic fractures combined with complex sacral fractures admitted between May 2014 and December 2015.There were 10 males and 11 females, with a mean age of 35.9 years (range, 14-59 years).Tile classification of pelvic fractures was type C1 in five cases, type C2 in four and type C3 in 12.Denis classification of sacral fractures was zone I in five cases, zone Ⅱ in seven and zone Ⅲ in nine.Twelve cases had neurological deficits.Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, bone healing time, pelvis vertical displacement and postoperative complications were recorded.Vertical displacement and functional outcome were assessed by Matta method and Majeed score respectively.Results All cases were followed up for (12.5±5.4)months (range, 7-26 months).Operation time was (108.0±49.4) min (range, 64-225 min).Intraoperative blood loss was 150-3 000 ml[400(225-500)ml].All fractures were healed at (19.0±4.6) weeks (range, 15-32 weeks).Vertical displacement of the pelvis was (8.76±5.46)mm (2.54-21.80 mm) before operation and (4.20±3.22)mm (0-12.57 mm) after lumbopelvic fixation (P<0.05), showing the reduction distance of-4.45-17.86 mm [4.09(1.74-5.58)mm].According to the Matta method, the results were excellent in 13 cases, good in six, and fair in two, with the excellent and good rate of 90%.Majeed score evaluation at last follow-up was 51-98 points and the results were excellent in nine cases, good in nine, fair in two and poor in one, with the excellent and good rate of 86%.Deep infection occurred in two cases who were cured by debridement and antibiotics, and the internal instruments of the two cases were removed after fracture healing.Screw loosening occurred in five cases with no evidence of screw breakage.Four cases complained of foreign body sensation and discomfort in sacral area due to the prominence of the iliac hardware.Four cases had limited range of motion of the lumbar spine, especially in anterior flexion range, and lumbar range of motion was recovered in three of them after removal of the internal fixator.Conclusion Lumbopelvic fixation can restore vertical stability of the pelvis, but removal of the internal fixator is suggested after fracture healing due to the high rate of screw loosening.

Objective To analyze treatment strategies for complications following lumbopelvic fixation for unstable sacral fractures.Methods Between May 2014 and December 2015,20 patients diagnosed with unstable sacral fracture were treated by lumbopelvic fixation.They were 9 males and 11 females,with an average age of 35.5 years (range,from 14 to 59 years).According to the Denis classification,5 fractures were type Ⅰ,7 type Ⅱ and 8 type Ⅲ.Complications related to lumbopelvic fixation were recorded and followed up.Results All the patients were followed up for an average of 18 months (range,from 12 to 31 months).All the fractures healed after an average of 19 weeks (range,from 15 to 32 weeks).Early complications included neural injury in 2 cases,incision infection in one and pressure ulcer in 2;late complications included prominence of internal implants in 7 cases,loosening of internal implants in 5,lumbopelvic pain or discomfort in 3,limited motion of lumbar vertebrae in 4,limb discrepancy in 3 and rotation deformity of lower limb in one.Conclusions Complications related to wound and internal implants are common following lumbopelvic fixation for sacral fractures.Careful planning and correct choice of internal fixators are the key to decreasing complications.Internal implants should be removed as soon as a sacral fracture unites to decrease the risk of long-term complications.

This paper introduces orthopedic resident training system of America including its devel-opment, certification system, selection system, clinical training mode and investigate system. And we hope to improve orthopedic resident training of China by analyzing the new rule of Chinese standardized resident training and the training experience of Peking Union Medical College Hospital.