Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the emergency response and long-term intervention effects after the detection of infectious snails epidemic by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays in Hannan District, Wuhan City, and to explore the application of LAMP in early surveillance and early-warning of schistosomiasis transmission. Methods Snails picked up by the risk monitoring system in Hannan District were examined by anatomical microscopy and LAMP technology to identify the schistosomiasis infection. Emergency response and intensive intervention were initiated in the environment where positive snails appeared, and the long-term effects were evaluated. Results In May 2018, the infectious snails were detected by LAMP technology in Hannan District, and the positive snails were located in Zhujiacha, Dongzhuang Village, Obstacles and weeds were removed and buried by machine in Zhujiacha. 12 700 m2 of snails were killed by drugs, and the mortality rate of snails was more than 80%; no new seropositive persons were found in the emergency examination within 500 m of the positive snail sites. 506 people were examined in Dong Zhuang Village at the end of the year, and 30 positive IHA cases were detected with a blood positive rate of 5.93%, no positive fecal test was found, and all positive blood test patients took preventive medication. The monitoring results of sentinel rats and wild feces were all negative. Health education was carried out, 7 warning signs were deployed and refreshed, and 500 publicity brochures were distributed. After nearly three years of intensified intervention and monitoring in the villages where the positive environment is located, and the density of snails on the stubborn snail has dropped from 0.094/frame to 0.027/frame, and the positive rate of blood test in Dongzhuang Village has steadily dropped from 5.93% to 3.74%. Conclusions The infected snails missed by microscopy were detected by LAMP in Hannan District, which created conditions for the rapid emergency treatment of environment and elimination of positive snail and improved the sensitivity of the surveillance and early warning system in transmission-interrupted areas.

Pesticides' overuse and misuse have been reported to induce ingredient variations in herbal medicine, which is now gaining attention in the medicinal field as a form of alternative medicine. To date, available studies on pesticide-induced ingredient variations of herbal medicine are limited only on a few compounds and remain most others unexamined. In this study, a plant metabolomics-based strategy was performed to systematically explore the effects of two frequently used insecticides on the comprehensive constituents of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF), the flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Field trials were designed on a cultivating plot of L. japonica with controls and treatments of imidacloprid (IMI) and compound flonicamid and acetamiprid (CFA). Unbiased metabolite profiling was conducted by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. After data pretreatment by automatic extraction and screening, a data matrix of metabolite features was submitted for statistical analyses. Consequently, 29 metabolic markers, including chlorogenic acids, iridoids and organic acid-glucosides were obtained and characterized. The relative quantitative assay was subsequently performed to monitor their variations across flowering developments. This is the first study that systematically explored the insecticide-induced metabolite variations of LJF while taking into account the inherent variability of flowering development. The results were beneficial for holistic quality assessment of LJF and significant for guiding scientific use of pesticides in the large-scale cultivation.