1.Clinical Efficacy of Tangshen Dihuang Decoction in Treating Diabetic Kidney Disease with Liver-kidney Yin Deficiency and Blood Stasis Syndrome and Its Impact on Gut Microbiota
Chaomao YANG ; Shunxiao ZHANG ; Zhixin YANG ; Jiandong GAO
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2026;32(6):171-178
ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Tangshen Dihuang decoction in treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and its impact on gut microbiota. MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted, in which 102 DKD patients with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome were randomly assigned to the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group and the control group. Each group consisted of 51 cases, and the treatment period was 3 months. The primary efficacy indicators included urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 hPBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ), serum cystatin C (Cys-C), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), urinary β2-microglobulin (Uβ2-MB), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scores, and gut microbiota. ResultsAfter treatment, the total response rate in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction was 87.23% (41/47), which was higher than that (69.57%, 32/46) in the control group (Z=4.30, P<0.05). After treatment, the TCM symptom scores decreased in both groups (P<0.01) and were lower in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group than in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the control group showed decreases in UACR, Uβ2-MG, AngⅡ, and FBG (P<0.05) as well as 2 hPBG and HbA1C (P<0.01), and no significant differences in BUN, Cys-C, eGFR, SCr, and NAG. The Tangshen Dihuang decoction group showed increased eGFR (P<0.05), declined levels of UACR, BUN, Cys-C, Uβ2-MB, AngⅡ, FBG, 2 hPBG, NAG, and HbA1C (P<0.01), and no significant difference in SCr. The Tangshen Dihuang decoction group had lower BUN (P<0.05), Cys-C (P<0.05), AngⅡ (P<0.05), 2 hPBG (P<0.05), Uβ2-MG (P<0.01), and NAG (P<0.01) and higher eGFR level (P<0.05) than the control group. After treatment, the control group showed declines in Shannon, Observed_species, and Chao1 indices (P<0.05). The samples from both groups showed statistically significant differences in the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot based on Anosim analysis (P<0.05). After treatment, the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group showed decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria (P<0.05). Moreover, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly lower in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group than in the control group (P<0.05). At the genus level, the control group showed decreased relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (P<0.05), and the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group presented increased relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Blautia_A (P<0.05). After treatment, the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group had higher relative abundance of Bifidobacterium than the control group (P<0.01). ConclusionTangshen Dihuang decoction has a significant therapeutic effect on DKD patients with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. It can markedly relieve clinical symptoms and reduce proteinuria and postprandial blood glucose by antagonizing the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis.
2.Efficacy and safety of sequential or combined therapy with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in entecavir-treated patients with low-level viremia
Yijing ZHANG ; Lingying HUANG ; Bowu CHEN ; Wanchun ZHU ; Man LI ; Jie SHEN ; Yueqiu GAO
Journal of Clinical Hepatology 2026;42(1):66-73
ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of sequential tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) therapy versus the regimen of entecavir (ETV) combined with TAF in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients experiencing low-level viremia (LLV) after ETV therapy, as well as their impact on virologic response, liver and renal function, and blood lipid levels. MethodsA total of 217 CHB patients with LLV after ETV treatment who were admitted to Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2020 to December 2023 were enrolled, and according to the treatment regimen, they were divided into TAF group (180 patients receiving sequential TAF therapy) and combined group (37 patients receiving ETV+TAF therapy). The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to match the patients at a ratio of 1∶1, and finally 37 patients were included in each group to balance the baseline confounding factors. The two groups were compared in terms of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) clearance rate, hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) clearance rate, liver and renal function parameters (liver stiffness measurement [LSM], platelet count [PLT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and creatinine [Cr]), blood lipid levels (total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]), and the incidence rate of adverse reactions. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the paired t-test was used for comparison within each group; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. ResultsAfter 48 weeks of treatment, compared with the TAF group, the combined group had significantly higher HBV DNA clearance rate (86.49% vs 59.46%, χ²=6.852, P=0.009) and HBeAg clearance rate (59.46% vs 35.14%, χ²=4.391, P=0.036). After treatment, compared with the TAF group, the combined group had significantly lower levels of LSM (7.01±1.50 kPa vs 7.90±1.68 kPa, t=2.404, P=0.019), AST (18.02±2.28 U/L vs 21.12±2.85 U/L, t=5.166, P<0.001), and ALT (19.85±3.86 U/L vs 22.00±3.90 U/L, t=2.383, P=0.020) and significantly higher levels of PLT [(218.35±42.60)×109/L vs (192.82±44.13)×109/L, t=2.532, P=0.014] and Cr (70.92±6.54 μmoL/L vs 67.60±6.13 μmoL/L, t=2.253, P=0.027). After treatment, there was a slight increase in the level of TC in both the TAF group (5.60±0.89 mmol/L vs 5.18±0.85 mmol/L, t=2.076, P=0.041) and the combined group (5.45±0.80 mmol/L vs 5.02±0.83 mmol/L, t=2.269, P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the TAF group and the combined group (21.62% vs 18.92%, χ²=0.084, P=0.772). ConclusionFor ETV-treated CHB patients experiencing LLV, compared with sequential TAF therapy, the ETV+TAF combined therapy can effectively increase virologic response rate, alleviate liver fibrosis, and improve liver function, whereas sequential TAF therapy has less impact on renal function. Sequential or combined therapy with TAF may induce a slight increase in the level of TC, which should be taken seriously in clinical practice.
3.Expert consensus on evaluation index system construction for new traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) from TCM clinical practice in medical institutions.
Li LIU ; Lei ZHANG ; Wei-An YUAN ; Zhong-Qi YANG ; Jun-Hua ZHANG ; Bao-He WANG ; Si-Yuan HU ; Zu-Guang YE ; Ling HAN ; Yue-Hua ZHOU ; Zi-Feng YANG ; Rui GAO ; Ming YANG ; Ting WANG ; Jie-Lai XIA ; Shi-Shan YU ; Xiao-Hui FAN ; Hua HUA ; Jia HE ; Yin LU ; Zhong WANG ; Jin-Hui DOU ; Geng LI ; Yu DONG ; Hao YU ; Li-Ping QU ; Jian-Yuan TANG
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2025;50(12):3474-3482
Medical institutions, with their clinical practice foundation and abundant human use experience data, have become important carriers for the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the "cradles" of the preparation of new TCM. To effectively promote the transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and establish an effective evaluation index system for the transformation of new TCM conforming to the characteristics of TCM, consensus experts adopted the literature research, questionnaire survey, Delphi method, etc. By focusing on the policy and technical evaluation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions, a comprehensive evaluation from the dimensions of drug safety, efficacy, feasibility, and characteristic advantages was conducted, thus forming a comprehensive evaluation system with four primary indicators and 37 secondary indicators. The expert consensus reached aims to encourage medical institutions at all levels to continuously improve the high-quality research and development and transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and targeted at clinical needs, so as to provide a decision-making basis for the preparation, selection, cultivation, and transformation of new TCM for medical institutions, improve the development efficiency of new TCM, and precisely respond to the public medication needs.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards*
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Humans
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Consensus
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*
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Surveys and Questionnaires
4.Research Progress in the Mechanisms of Acupuncture in Regulating DNA Methylation
Sujin GAO ; Xinru PAN ; Baitong LIU ; Ling LUO ; Xiaoyi XIONG ; Shuguang YU
Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) 2025;56(1):19-25
DNA methylation is the first epigenetic modification found in humans.Abnormal changes in DNA methylation are closely associated with the development and progression of diseases.Acupuncture,an important component of traditional Chinese medicine,has been shown to have significant therapeutic efficacy.The mechanisms underlying acupuncture are complex,involving physiological and pathological processes of integrated interactions across multiple targets.However,current research mostly focuses on a single target,highlighting the need for a more upstream approach to the investigation of the mechanisms.Herein,we reviewed studies on the direct or indirect regulation of DNA methylation via acupuncture.We also discussed its mechanisms of action in pain,obesity,depression,and Alzheimer disease,in order to provide a new perspective on the therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture and the role of DNA methylation in the field of acupuncture research.Future research should concentrate on the effect of acupuncture on the DNA methylation of specific genes,the quantification of changes in DNA methylation at different acupoints,the development of individualized acupuncture prescriptions,further investigation of the specificity of the effects at different acupoint,and the expansion of the research to integrate epigenetics and genomics.This will provide a theoretical basis for the internationalization and the promotion of clinical application of acupuncture.
5.A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-parallel Controlled Trial of Tibetan Medicine Ruyi Zhenbaowan in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Chunquan SUN ; Yanming XIE ; Jinghua GAO ; Weiheng CHEN ; Lianxin WANG ; Shangquan WANG ; Xiangdong TIAN ; Zujian XU ; Yuxin ZHENG ; Mingwang ZHOU ; Chungen LI ; Zhanwang XU ; Jiayi GUO ; Shuangqing DU ; Qigang CHEN ; Quan JI ; Zhiqiang BAI ; Jing XIAO ; Wanli QI ; Weiyi YANG ; Jingxiao ZHANG
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2024;30(24):57-67
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Ruyi Zhenbaowan(RYZBW)in the treatment of initial and early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) through a prospective multicenter,randomized,double-blind,and placebo-parallel controlled trial. MethodFrom October 13th, 2021 to December 25th, 2021, 240 KOA subjects meeting the acceptance criteria were enrolled in 15 sub-centers including Wangjing Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 120 cases in each group. The intervention measures for the observation group were RYZBW + health education, and the intervention measures for the control group were RYZBW placebo + health education. The intervention period in both groups was four weeks, and they were followed up for four weeks after the intervention. The primary outcome measure was the total score of Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index score (WOMAC score), and the secondary outcome measures were the response rate of visual scale (VAS) pain score, WOMAC sub item scores (joint pain, joint stiffness, and joint function), quality of life (SF-12) score, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score. Result(1) Efficacy evaluation. The marginal model results showed that the observation group was better than the control group in improving the WOMAC total score and WOMAC pain score in the treatment of KOA with RYZBW, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in improving VAS score response rate, WOMAC function score, WOMAC stiffness score, SF12-PCS (quality of life-physical health) score, SF12-MCS (quality of life-mental health) score, and TCM syndrome score. (2) Subgroup analysis. ① In terms of VAS score response rate, the response rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group for subjects with baseline VAS score of (4, 5], and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ② In terms of TCM syndrome score, for subjects aged [56, 60] and [61, 65], the decrease in total TCM syndrome score in the observation group was better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ConclusionTibetan medicine RYZBW has good clinical efficacy in improving WOMAC total score, VAS score response rate, WOMAC pain score, WOMAC function score, and TCM syndrome score for patients with initial and early KOA, which can fill the lack of Tibetan medicine RYZBW in the treatment of KOA and make a demonstration study for the inheritance and development of ethnic medicine.
6.Effect of ganoderic acid A on a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced acute immune liver injury and its mechanism
Yi CUI ; Fengjie QIAO ; Jiahao QIU ; Yufei LIU ; Zhujun GAO ; Zhi SHANG ; Yueqiu GAO
Journal of Clinical Hepatology 2024;40(12):2415-2423
ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of ganoderic acid A (GA-A) on a mouse model of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). MethodsA total of 35 mice were randomly divided into control group (NC group), model group (ConA group), and low-, middle-, and high-dose GA-A treatment groups (GA-A-L, GA-A-M, and GA-A-H groups, respectively), with 7 mice in each group. ConA was injected via the caudal vein of mice to establish a classic mouse model of AIH, and different doses of GA-A were administered via intraperitoneal injection 1 hour later for treatment. Proteomic techniques were used to investigate the protective mechanism of GA-A on hepatocytes, and HL-60 cells were differentiated into dHL-60 neutrophils by all-trans retinoic acid in vitro to validate the mechanism of action of GA-A. Related indicators were measured, including inflammatory markers (the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], HE staining, and inflammation-related genes), apoptosis markers (TUNEL staining), neutrophils, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) markers (myeloperoxidase [MPO], citrullinated histone H3 [CitH3], Ly6G, and free double-stranded DNA [dsDNA]), and p38 phosphorylation markers. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the NC group, the ConA group had significant increases in the serum levels of ALT and AST (both P<0.001), and compared with the ConA group, GA-A treatment significantly reduced the levels of ALT and AST (both P<0.01). HE staining showed that the mice in the ConA group had significant liver necrosis, while GA-A treatment significantly reduced the area of liver necrosis and the number of TUNEL-positive cells (both P<0.05). Compared with the ConA group, the GA-A group had significant reductions in the expression levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon gamma in serum and liver tissue (all P<0.05). The proteomic analysis showed that GA-A alleviated ConA-induced acute immune liver injury by inhibiting the release of NET and the p38 MAPK pathway. Immunofluorescent staining of mouse liver tissue showed that compared with the ConA group, the GA-A group had significant reductions in the number of MPO-positive neutrophils and the number of cells with positive Ly6G and CitH3 (all P<0.01). Western Blot and dsDNA testing showed that GA-A significantly inhibited the levels of the NET markers dsDNA and CitH3 and the level of p38 phosphorylation in liver tissue and dHL-60 cells (all P<0.05). ConclusionGA-A alleviates liver inflammatory response and hepatocyte death by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway and the release of NET, thereby alleviating ConA-induced acute immune liver injury. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of GA-A to treat immune liver injury by regulating neutrophil function.
7.Analysis of image features of fundus blood vessel in healthy human eye based on deep learning techniques
Mengyu HUI ; Jinglin SHI ; Xiaohan YU ; Jian LI ; Yan ZHANG ; Zhengli TANG ; Shanghai YU ; Yue GAO ; Ping LIU ; Hua ZHANG
International Eye Science 2024;24(10):1542-1550
AIM:To explore the fundus vascular characteristics of healthy individuals based on deep learning techniques, with a view to discovering the range of normal values of the fundus arteries and veins, as well as the relationship between physiological factors, such as gender, age, body mass index(BMI), blood pressure, and fundus vasculature characteristics.METHODS:Fundus images of healthy people were taken from a professional fundus camera, and the subject's blood pressure and laboratory test was collected. Additionally, the fundus arteries and veins were segmented by the improved U-Net model, and the color, morphology and Haralick texture features of the vessels were extracted from computer vision technology.RESULTS:A total of 4 487 cases fundus images were taken and 326 cases with healthy and clear fundus images were screened, including 200 males and 126 females. There were differences in the morphology, color, and textural characteristics of the left and right eyes, as well as of the fundus arterioles and veins, with a mean vessel width(width)of 1.146 in the arteries and 1.430 in the veins, and an arteriovenous ratio about 4:5. Fundus artery and vein characteristics in healthy individuals of different ages(21-30, 31-40, 41-50): compared with the healthy population aged 21-30 and 31-40 years, arterial and venous inverse difference moment(idm), f12 and venous angular second moment(asm)values increased, and arterial and venous contrast(con), entropy(ent), difference entropy(den), and venous sum entropy(sen)values decreased in 41-50 years. Compared with the 21-30 years age group, arterial f12 values increased and venous con values decreased in 31-40 years(all P<0.05). Fundus vascular characteristics of healthy individuals of different sexes: compared with male, fundus arterial and venous sum average(sav), sum variance(sva)values, arterial curved values, and venous b mean, bsd, variance(var), sen, ent values increased in female, while venous area value of female decreased(all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in fundus arteriosus and venous features in healthy subjects with different levels of BMI(all P>0.05). Fundus characteristics of healthy people with different degrees of blood pressure: there were statistically significant differences in fundus arteriosus area, width, and venous con, idm, dva, and den values between the normal blood pressure and high blood pressure groups(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The characteristics of the left and right eyes as well as the fundus arteries and veins differ in healthy individuals and correlate with physiological factors such as gender, age and blood pressure, which have the value of a potential microcirculation marker.
8.Modified Liuwei Dihuangtang Combined with Losartan Potassium Regulates ACE1/AngⅡ/AT1R Axis and Intestinal Flora in Rat Model of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Chaomao YANG ; Shunxiao ZHANG ; Yuanyuan LI ; Jiandong GAO
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2024;30(6):1-9
ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of modified Liuwei Dihuangtang in preventing and treating renal injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1)/angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ)/angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. MethodFifty male SD rats were randomized into a normal group (n=8) and a modeling group (n=42). The rats in the modeling group were fed with a high-sugar and high-fat diet for 6 weeks and intraperitoneally injected with 35 mg
9.A Phase Ⅲ Clinical Observation of Yishen Yangxin Anshen Tablets in Treatment of Insomnia with Deficiency of Heart Blood and Insufficiency of Kidney Essence
Wei WANG ; Junxia REN ; Yongzheng WANG ; Jianke HAN ; Limin YANG ; Weidong WANG ; Fengmei LIAN ; Changshan AI ; Xiaoli YIN ; Baoliang WANG ; Yi MENG ; Shuguang YUAN ; Desheng ZHOU ; Xuedong GAO
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2023;29(4):110-116
ObjectiveTo confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of Yishen Yangxin Anshen tablets in the treatment of insomnia (heart-blood deficiency and kidney-essence insufficiency syndrome). MethodA randomized block, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial design method was adopted, and a total of 480 patients with insomnia due to deficiency of heart blood and insufficiency of kidney essence (treatment group-control group 3∶1) from seven hospitals (Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The First Clinical Hospital, Jilin Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of TCM, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan Province Hospital of TCM, Hebei General Hospital, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine) were enrolled. The treatment group was given Yishen Yangxin Anshen tablets and the control group received placebo tablets (4 tablets/time, 3 times/day, 4 weeks of administration, 4 weeks of follow-up after drug withdrawal). The sleep dysfunction rating scale (SDRS) score, pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score, TCM, polysomnography (PSG) indicators from four hospital (Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan Province Hospital of TCM, Hebei General Hospital, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine), and other efficacy indicators were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Through general physical examination, laboratory examination, and observation of adverse events, the safety of the drugs was evaluated. ResultThe baseline indexes of the two groups showed no significant difference and thus the two groups were comparable. After treatment, the total score of SDRS in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). After drug withdrawal for 4 weeks, the total score of SDRS demonstrated no significant change in the treatment group as compared with that at the end of treatment, indicating that the rebound change of curative effect was not obvious. After treatment, the total score of PSQI in the treatment group decreased as compared with that in the control group (P<0.01), and the change of total score of PSQI in the treatment group was statistically significant (P<0.05) after drug withdrawal for 4 weeks but small, indicating that the rebound change of curative effect was not obvious. After treatment, the total effective rate about the TCM symptoms in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group (χ2=137.521,P<0.01). After treatment, the disappearance rates of single indexes in the treatment group, such as difficulty in falling asleep, easily waking up after sleeping, early awakening, short sleep time, dreamfulness, palpitation, forgetfulness, dizziness, mental fatigue, and weakness of waist and knee, increased compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the treatment group demonstrated fewer awaking times (AT), longer total sleep time (TST), lower ATA/TST ratio, and higher sleep efficiency (%) than the control group (P<0.05). No abnormal value or aggravation related to drugs was observed in either group. The incidence of adverse events in the treatment group and the control group was 5.57% and 8.40% respectively. No serious adverse events or adverse events leading to withdrawal happened in either group. ConclusionYishen Yangxin Anshen tablets is effective and safe for patients with insomnia of deficiency of heart-blood and insufficiency of kidney-essence.
10.Technical points of human use experience of ethnic medicine.
Zhong-Qi YANG ; Ya-Qin TANG ; Yan LING ; Yan-Ping DU ; Wei-An YUAN ; Chong ZOU ; Jian-Yuan TANG ; Si-Yuan HU ; Rui GAO ; Lei ZHANG
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2023;48(5):1402-1406
Ethnic medicine has a rich history of application. Because of the large number of ethnic groups, wide geographical distribution, and unique medical systems in China, the research on the human use experience(HUE) of ethnic medicine should combine the characteristics of ethnic medicine, be based on practical experience, and respect folk practice and tradition. The clinical positioning of ethnic medicine should consider three factors, i.e., population region, dominant diseases, and clinical demand. We should consider the development of traditional preparations that meet the needs of ethnic regions and encourage the development of new drugs that can be popularized and used nationwide for the dominant diseases of ethnic medicines. Attention should be paid to the problems such as a large number of customary articles or substitutes of ethnic medicinal materials, the phenomena of foreign bodies with the same name and different names for the same substance, the different standards of medicinal materials, and the poor processing standards. The name, processing method, source, medicinal parts, and dosage of ethnic medicinal materials or decoction pieces should be determined, and resources should be carefully evaluated to ensure the safety of medicinal resources and ecology. The preparation of ethnic medicine is mostly in the form of pills, powder, ointment, etc., with simple processing technology. The problems of low-quality stan-dards of some preparations, different prescriptions with the same name, and inconsistent processing technology should be overcome, and the process route and main process parameters should be clarified to lay the foundation for the subsequent empirical research on HUE. In the collection and analysis of the HUE data of ethnic medicine, the core guiding ideology of "patient-centered" should be established, and the experience data of patients should be collected. The problems of weak links existing in the inheritance of ethnic medicine should be solved, and flexible and diverse methods should be adopted. Meanwhile, on the premise of complying with the requirements of the principles of medical ethics, we should respect the religion, culture, and customs of ethnic areas to obtain the key HUE information of ethnic medicine. On the basis of the patient preference information and differences in regional disease epidemiology, population characteristics, and medical practice, whether the HUE conclusions of ethnic medicine can be extrapolated to patients outside the region is evaluated from the aspects of clinical benefits, risk tolerance, risk acceptance, etc. The HUE research on ethnic medicine is carried out in a clear way to guide the research and development of new ethnic medicines.
Humans
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Medicine, Chinese Traditional
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China
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Reference Standards
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Technology
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

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