Microbial communities such as those residing in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many with important implications for health and diseases. The effects and functions of these microbial communities are determined not only by their species compositions and diversities but also by the dynamic intra- and inter-cellular states at the transcriptional level. Powerful and scalable technologies capable of acquiring single-microbe-resolution RNA sequencing information in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of complex microbial communities together with their hosts are therefore utterly needed. Here we report the development and utilization of a droplet-based smRNA-seq (single-microbe RNA sequencing) method capable of identifying large species varieties in human samples, which we name smRandom-seq2. Together with a triple-module computational pipeline designed for the bacteria and bacteriophage sequencing data by smRandom-seq2 in four human gut samples, we established a single-cell level bacterial transcriptional landscape of human gut microbiome, which included 29,742 single microbes and 329 unique species. Distinct adaptive response states among species in Prevotella and Roseburia genera and intrinsic adaptive strategy heterogeneity in Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens were uncovered. Additionally, we identified hundreds of novel host-phage transcriptional activity associations in the human gut microbiome. Our results indicated that smRandom-seq2 is a high-throughput and high-resolution smRNA-seq technique that is highly adaptable to complex microbial communities in real-world situations and promises new perspectives in the understanding of human microbiomes.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Bacteriophages/physiology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Bacteria/virology*

Objective To evaluate the effect of Critical Incident Reporting System on the quality of clinical anesthesia.Methods Anesthesia-related critical incidents happened in the perioperative period were reported in voluntary,anonymous,no punishment and confidential manners.The data was collected,classified and documented by assigned professionals on a regular basis from September 2012 to August 2016.The critical incidents were retrospectively analyzed after the risk was assessed.The 4-year reporting rate was collected.The risk of critical incidents was assessed using severity and probability analysis,and the critical incidents-inducing risk factors were analyzed.Results The 4-year reporting rate of critical incidents was 0.551％.From 1st to 4th year,the reporting rates were 0.729％,0.598％,0.819％ and 0.368％,respectively,and the incidence of injury incidents was 0.112％,0.106％,0.133％ and 0.031％,respectively.The reporting rate of critical incidents and incidence and reporting rate of the injury incidents showed a decreasing trend for 1st and 2nd year,significantly increased for 3rd year and decreased for 4th year (P＜0.05).The first three critical incident categories were equipment use and respiratory system-and workflowrelated incidents.Patient injury during surgery was considered an extremely high risk incident;the factor of the medical staff in the department of anesthesiology is the first critical incidents-inducing risk factor.Conclusion Critical Incident Reporting System can discover and correct the system-related risk and the inducing factors in the department of anesthesiology and is an effective method of improving the service quality of clinical anesthesia.

Objective To understand the changes on patterns of sleep duration of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort in 9 provinces from 2004 to 2011.Methods Four rounds of CHNS data were used.Urban/rural,age and gender specific insufficient sleeping rates and excessive sleeping rates were analyzed.Results In 2004,2006,2009 and 2011,a total of 274,281,329 and 304 children aged 3-5 years;874,806,768 and 742 children aged 6-12 years;789,529,426 and 367 children aged 13-17 years;9 568,9 530,9 942 and 9 609 adults aged ≥18 years were surveyed respectively.The lowest insufficient sleeping rate was 53.9％ (200/371) in 3-17 years old children in rural area in 2006,the highest insufficient sleeping rate was 77.2％ (44/57) in 3-5 years old children in urban area in 2004.The insufficient sleeping rate increased in rural 3-5 years old children from 2004 to 2011.For the adults aged ≥ 18 years,the insufficient sleeping rate ranged from 4.2％ (82/ 1 954) in females aged 18-44 years in 2004 and 2009 to 20.8％ (211/1 015) in urban residents aged ＞ 60 years in 2011.The insufficient sleeping rate in age-groups 44-59 years and ≥60 years increased in both males and females and in both urban area and rural area from 2004 to 2011.The gender specific excessive sleeping rate in 3-17 years old children was very low in both urban area and rural area and no difference was found in different rounds of survey.The excessive sleeping rate in adults ranged from 18.4％ (569/3 093) in urban population in 2011 to 32.5％ (1 617/4 969) in females in 2004.The excessive sleeping rate of adult decreased from 2004 to 2011.Conclusion We should pay attention to the fact that the insufficient sleeping rate in adolescents is high and in increase in rural 3-5 years old children and adults aged ≥45 years.

Objective To observe the curative effect of pure 1 25 I treatment to non-small cell lung cancer combined obstructive pneumonia.Methods 28 cases with non-small cell lung cancer combined obstructive pneumonia were enrolled.Treatment planning system was used to calculate the dosage of tumor and make up the therapeutic plan.CT-guided radiation treatment of particle im-plantation was then conducted.Follow-up was done to evaluate the curative effect one to two months after treatment.Results The total effective rate of therapeutic evaluation was 89.3%.Clinical symptoms including chest distress,hard breathing and fever were ameliorated remarkedly.Life quality score of appetite and fatigue was also improved.White blood cell reduced significantly in blood routine examination.Conclusion There is a definite curative effect of pure 1 25 I treatment to non-small cell lung cancer combined ob-structive pneumonia.

Purpose To investigate the significance of procedural arteriography in interventional embolization of adrenal metastasis, due to the fact that it is usually difficult to seek feeding arteries in the treatment of adrenal metastasis using interventional embolization. Materials and Methods Eighteen patients with adrenal metastasis were treated with procedural arteriography and interventional embolization therapy, the source and number of feeding arteries was retrospectively analyzed. Results The total success rate of procedural arteriography was 95.5%. The abnormal feeding arteries which were discovered by procedural arteriography accounted for 29.0%. The number of feeding arteries was two, which were mainly derived from inferior suprarenal artery and superior suprarenal arteries. Conclusion The source of feeding arteries of adrenal metastasis is abundant and the variability is obvious, thus procedural arteriography should be used to the greatest extent during operation of digital subtraction angiography to avoid omission of feeding arteries.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.24.010