Functional dyspepsia （FD） is a prioritized disease category where traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrates distinct therapeutic advantages. The current western medicine treatment for FD is mainly based on proton pump inhibitors and prokinetic agents， with digestive enzymes， probiotics and antidepressants serving as adjuvant medication， yet such therapies still have certain limitations. TCM treatment for FD includes oral administration of Chinese herbal formulas and Chinese patent medicines， as well as external TCM therapies such as acupuncture and moxibustion， acupoint application， hot medicinal compress therapy， rubbing with ointment， medicinal iontophoresis， auricular acupoint therapy and tui na （Chinese medical massage）. The combined treatment of FD with integrated TCM and western medicine can significantly improve clinical effectiveness and reduce adverse reactions. The common mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of both TCM and western medicine revolve around the core pathological processes of FD， mainly focusing on restoring gastrointestinal motility， regulating the levels of brain-gut peptides， modulating intestinal microecology， and ameliorating inflammatory status. The differential mechanisms lie in the precise targeting feature of western medicine versus the holistic-regulating and multi-target characteristics of TCM， and the two approaches exert a synergistic effect to enhance efficacy. This paper proposes to leverage the advantages of TCM in holistic regulation and the strengths of western medicine in targeted treatment， so as to provide personalized and comprehensive treatment regimens for FD patients.

The chapter Zhouyu in Guoyu says "Qi of the heaven and the earth moves without losing its order." With lucidity ascending and turbidity descending， Qi moves in a normal state， and Yin and Yang consolidate the foundation of the body. The mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity leads to the disorder of Qi movement， thus causing diseases. It is a pathological state of disorder between ascending and descending， as well as between entering and exiting， gradually evolving into a state of turbidity affecting lucidity and transforming into pathogen， which can be used to interpret and analyze the core of disease pathogenesis. The theory of lucidity and turbidity is connected with the harmony of nutrient and defensive aspects， Qi circulation， and sweat pore associating with Qi movement， and it has common implications with immune responses and nutrient metabolism system， intestinal mucosal barrier function， and mitochondrial energy synthesis. Modern studies have shown that intestinal flora imbalance， bile acid receptor inactivation， macrophage polarization imbalance， epithelial-mesenchymal transition， ferroptosis and other related microscopic pathological mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of ulcerative colitis. By delving into the common meaning of the classic theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in traditional Chinese medicine and modern medical pathological mechanisms， this paper summarizes the correspondence between the micropathological mechanism and the theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in the regulation and mamagement of ulcerative colitis. The combined use of sweet and warm medicinal materials consolidates the middle Qi and activates Qi circulation， thus ascending lucidity and descending turbidity. The combined use of pungent medicinal materials for dispersing and bitter medicinal materials for descending simultaneously raises warm and clear Qi. Wind-extinguishing medicinal materials facilitate the ascending of Qi and the opening of sweat pores. Accordingly， turbidity descends and lucidity ascends. The prescriptions incorporating these medication principles are in agreement with the therapeutic approach of following the normal flow of lucidity and turbidity. This paper clarifies the scientific connotation and micropathologic mechanism of ulcerative colitis from the perspective of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity， providing new theories and prescriptions for the clinical diagnosis， treatment， and prevention of ulcerative colitis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Shenqi Yangxin decoction in the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy （ICM） with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and its effect on serum hydrogen sulfide （H₂S） and calcium ion （Ca²⁺）. MethodsA total of 64 ICM patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into a control group （n=32） and a treatment group （n=32）. All patients received conventional Western medicine treatment. The treatment group was additionally given Shenqi Yangxin decoction. The TCM syndrome score， Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire （MLHFQ） score， left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP）， 6-minute walk test （6MWT）， New York Heart Association （NYHA） cardiac function classification， and serum H₂S and Ca²⁺ levels were compared between the two groups pre- and post-treatment. ResultsTwo cases dropped out from each group during the study. Finally， 30 patients in each group were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in age， gender， course of coronary heart disease， underlying diseases， and laboratory tests between the two groups. Compared with baseline， the TCM syndrome score， MLHFQ score， and NT-proBNP in both treatment group and control group decreased significantly （P<0.01）， LVEF， 6MWT， and H₂S increased significantly （P<0.01）， and serum Ca²⁺ increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment， the MLHFQ score and NT-proBNP in the treatment group decreased （P<0.05）， the TCM syndrome score decreased significantly （P<0.01）， LVEF， 6MWT， and serum Ca²⁺ increased （P<0.05）， and H₂S increased significantly （P<0.01）. The improvement degree of the NYHA cardiac function classification in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group， but there was no significant difference. ConclusionShenqi Yangxin decoction is effective in treating ICM patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis， which could significantly improve cardiac function and quality of life， and its therapeutic effect may be related to the regulation of serum H₂S and Ca²⁺ levels.

Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

BackgroundBipolar disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression. It has a high recurrence rate and a high rate of disability. Elderly patients often suffer from more severe cognitive impairment due to neurodegenerative changes. The clinical intervention for bipolar disorder mainly relies on drug treatment， but drugs have limited effects on improving cognitive function， and some drugs may even aggravate cognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise， as a non-drug intervention method， has shown positive effects in improving cognitive function in patients with mental disorders. However， there are still insufficient studies on elderly patients with bipolar disorder. ObjectiveTo explore the impact of aerobic exercise on the cognitive function of elderly patients with bipolar disorder， so as to provide references for the formulation of strategies to improve the cognitive function of this population. MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 60 elderly patients who were hospitalized at the Third People's Hospital of Lanzhou from January 2024 to March 2025 and met the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder as defined in the International Classification of Diseases，tenth edition （ICD-10） were selected. They were divided into the study group and the control group， with 30 cases in each group， based on the random number table method. Both groups were given quetiapine fumarate tablets and magnesium valproate sustained-release tablets. The study group additionally received aerobic exercise （including slow walking， doing exercises， and running）， three times a week， for 30 minutes each time. At the baseline and at the end of the 3^rd， 6^th， 9^th， and 12^th week of the intervention， the Hamilton Depression Scale -24 item （HAMD-24）， the Young Manic Rating Scale （YMRS）， the Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA）， and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised in China （WMS-RC） were used for assessment. ResultsThe time effect of the HAMD-24 score was statistically significant （Wald χ²=124.564， P<0.01）. The time effect of the YMRS score was also statistically significant （Wald χ²=145.608， P<0.01）， and the interaction effect between time and group was statistically significant （Wald χ²=14.968， P<0.05）. At the 3^rd， 9^th， and 12^th week of the intervention， the YMRS score of the study group was lower than that of the control group in the same period， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The time effect and group effect of the MoCA score were both statistically significant （F=99.347， 16.623， P<0.01）. The time effect， group effect， and interaction effect between time and group of the WMS-RC memory quotient were all statistically significant （F=64.678， 10.197， 12.472， P<0.01）. At the 6^th， 9^th， and 12^th weeks of the intervention， the MoCA score and WMS-RC memory quotient of the study group were higher than those of the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. ConclusionAerobic exercise may help improve the manic symptoms and cognitive functions （especially memory ability） of elderly patients with bipolar disorder. ［Funded by Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province （number， 24JRRA775）； Science and Technology Project of Lanzhou City（number， 2022-5-155）］

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

Objective:To investigate the application value of needle-knife accurate fistulo-tomy (NKAF) for difficult biliary cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato-graphy (ERCP).Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopatho-logical data of 137 patients with difficult biliary cannulation during ERCP at Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between January 2021 and December 2022 were collected. There were 51 males and 86 females, aged (69±13)years. All 137 patients received NKAF for cannulation during ERCP. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) complications. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD. Count data were repre-sented as absolute numbers. Results:(1) Surgical situations. Of 137 patients, 136 cases had succe-ssful cannulation, 1 case had failed cannulation with NKAF following unsuccessful double-guidewire technique. In the 136 successful cases, the endoscope was straightened in 42 cases, left in a long position in 37 cases, and maintained in the standard position in 57 cases. The cannulation time was (90±8)s. (2) Complications. The serum amylase at postoperative 6 hours in the 136 successful cases was (163±23)U/L. No patient developed post-ERCP pancreatitis. Of the 136 patients with successful cannulation, one case experienced post-sphincterotomy bleeding, which was observed oozing from the papillary orifice on emergency gastroscopy. The patient was successfully controlled with endoscopic clips.Conclusion:NKAF is safe and effective for difficult biliary cannulation during ERCP.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Pancreatic cancer has emerged as one of the most challenging malignancies worldwide,with its high resistance to chemotherapy being the primary cause of treatment failure.Therefore,enhancing the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer has become a major focus of current research.In this study,we in-vestigated how Bufotaline,a bufadienolide extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine toad venom,exhibits its antitumor activity.Specifically,we explored the potential of Bufotaline to enhance the chemo-sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to Adriamycin and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanisms.Using CCK-8 and colony formation assays,we demonstrated that Bufotaline enhances the inhibitory effect of Adriamycin on the survival of pancreatic cancer cell lines Patu-8988T,Aspc-1,and Patu-8988S.No-tably,Bufotaline treatment reduced the IC50 of Adriamycin in drug-resistant pancreatic cancer cells to lev-els comparable to those in non-resistant cells.Results from Western blot,immunofluorescence,comet as-say,and TUNEL assays revealed that Bufotaline promotes Adriamycin-induced DNA damage in pancreatic cancer cells.RNA-seq analysis of Patu-8988T cells treated with Adriamycin alone or in combination with Bufotaline showed significant changes in gene expression,and qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that Bu-fotaline downregulates the expression of DNA damage repair proteins NBS1 and RAD50.Moreover,Western blot analysis revealed that Bufotaline reduces the levels of DNA damage response repair proteins,and Im-munofluorescence experiments indicated that Bufotaline inhibits the activation of the ATM/CHK2 signaling pathway.Finally,in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model,the combination of Adriamycin and Bufotaline treatment significantly suppressed pancreatic cancer cell growth.In conclusion,Bufotaline enhances Adria-mycin-induced chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells;the combination of Adriamycin and Bufotaline downregulates the expression of DNA damage response repair proteins NBS1 and RAD50,and inhibits the ATM/CHK2-mediated DDR signaling pathway,thereby delaying DNA damage repair.

Plant virus nanoparticles(PVNPs)have inherent immune stimulation ability,which has been widely studied as an immune adjuvant to stimulate the anti-tumor immune response.PVNPs not only have the potential to be used as vaccine adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy,but also as delivery systems for single immunotherapy or combination therapies.Among them,PVNPs have achieved great success in preclinical research of cancer immunotherapy.The new immunotherapy strategy is to use PVNPs as in situ vaccination(ISV),which can effectively inhibit tumor growth and produce a widening systemic anti-tumor immune response after in-tratumoral administration;in addition,PVNPs in combination with other tumor treatment modalities may also improve the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response.In this review,the application and prospects of plant virus nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy are reviewed,in order to provide new ideas for cancer immunotherapy.