Inflammatory breast cancer(IBC)is a rare but highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by rapid clinical progression and poor prognosis.Although it accounts for only 2%-4%of all breast cancer cases,it is responsible for 8%-10%of breast cancer-related mortality.The etiology of IBC is multifactorial,involving genetic,hormonal,environmental,and socioeconomic factors.Pathologically,IBC is marked by the presence of dermal lymphatic tumor emboli,and molecular subtypes are predominantly HER2-positive and triple-negative,indicating high tumor invasiveness.Diagnosis relies on characteristic clinical manifestations and histopathological confirmation,while imaging techniques such as MRI and PET/CT play important roles in evaluating disease extent and metastasis.Given that IBC is often diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage,there is currently no specific treatment protocol.Instead,management generally follows the treatment paradigm of non-IBC,emphasizing systemic therapy within a multidisciplinary framework.HER2-positive IBC benefits from chemotherapy combined with dual-targeted anti-HER2 therapy;triple-negative IBC may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors;and CDK4/6 inhibitors show potential efficacy in hormone receptor-positive subtypes.Despite advancements,the prognosis remains poor,with a high risk of early recurrence and distant metastasis.Prognostic factors include lymph node involvement,molecular subtype,and response to neoadjuvant therapy.As research into the tumor microenvironment and molecular mechanisms deepens,targeted and individualized therapies hold promise for improving outcomes.This review summarizes the epidemiology,pathology,diagnostic criteria,treatment strategies,and prognostic factors of IBC,aiming to inform clinical practice and future research.

Background and Aims:Centrally located breast cancer(CLBC),due to its proximity to the nipple-areolar complex,has long been treated primarily with mastectomy,while the oncologic safety of breast-conserving surgery(BCS)remains controversial.This study,based on a large-scale database combined with a real-world cohort,compared the survival outcomes of BCS and mastectomy to evaluate the feasibility and oncologic safety of BCS in CLBC patients.Methods:Data of 10 325 female CLBC patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were extracted from the SEER database,including 5 601 patients who underwent BCS and 4 724 who underwent mastectomy.Propensity score matching(PSM)yielded 1 951 matched pairs,and disease-specific survival(DSS)and overall survival(OS)were compared between groups.Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors,and subgroup analyses were conducted.Additionally,an independent validation cohort from Xiangya Hospital,Central South University(2015-2016)included 221 BCS and 636 mastectomy patients,with OS and progression-free survival(PFS)assessed.Results:After PSM,baseline characteristics between groups were well balanced.Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no significant differences in DSS or OS between BCS and mastectomy,and 5-,7-,and 10-year OS rates were comparable(all P＞0.05).Subgroup analyses revealed equivalent outcomes for BCS and mastectomy in patients with T1/T2 disease,different HER2 statuses,and those receiving chemotherapy,while in patients receiving radiotherapy,BCS showed significantly better DSS and OS than mastectomy(both P＜0.05).Multivariate Cox regression identified T,N,and M stage,histologic grade,molecular subtype,ER/PR status,and chemotherapy as independent prognostic factors(all P＜0.05),whereas surgical type was not(P＞0.05).The validation cohort confirmed the SEER findings,with no significant differences in OS or PFS between the two groups(both P＞0.05).Conclusions:BCS provides DSS and OS comparable to mastectomy in CLBC patients and may confer additional survival benefits when combined with radiotherapy.These findings suggest that CLBC should not be considered a contraindication to BCS,supporting BCS as a feasible and safe surgical strategy that offers valuable evidence for individualized clinical decision-making and may help improve patients' quality of life.

Inflammatory breast cancer(IBC)is a rare but highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by rapid clinical progression and poor prognosis.Although it accounts for only 2%-4%of all breast cancer cases,it is responsible for 8%-10%of breast cancer-related mortality.The etiology of IBC is multifactorial,involving genetic,hormonal,environmental,and socioeconomic factors.Pathologically,IBC is marked by the presence of dermal lymphatic tumor emboli,and molecular subtypes are predominantly HER2-positive and triple-negative,indicating high tumor invasiveness.Diagnosis relies on characteristic clinical manifestations and histopathological confirmation,while imaging techniques such as MRI and PET/CT play important roles in evaluating disease extent and metastasis.Given that IBC is often diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage,there is currently no specific treatment protocol.Instead,management generally follows the treatment paradigm of non-IBC,emphasizing systemic therapy within a multidisciplinary framework.HER2-positive IBC benefits from chemotherapy combined with dual-targeted anti-HER2 therapy;triple-negative IBC may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors;and CDK4/6 inhibitors show potential efficacy in hormone receptor-positive subtypes.Despite advancements,the prognosis remains poor,with a high risk of early recurrence and distant metastasis.Prognostic factors include lymph node involvement,molecular subtype,and response to neoadjuvant therapy.As research into the tumor microenvironment and molecular mechanisms deepens,targeted and individualized therapies hold promise for improving outcomes.This review summarizes the epidemiology,pathology,diagnostic criteria,treatment strategies,and prognostic factors of IBC,aiming to inform clinical practice and future research.

Background and Aims:Centrally located breast cancer(CLBC),due to its proximity to the nipple-areolar complex,has long been treated primarily with mastectomy,while the oncologic safety of breast-conserving surgery(BCS)remains controversial.This study,based on a large-scale database combined with a real-world cohort,compared the survival outcomes of BCS and mastectomy to evaluate the feasibility and oncologic safety of BCS in CLBC patients.Methods:Data of 10 325 female CLBC patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were extracted from the SEER database,including 5 601 patients who underwent BCS and 4 724 who underwent mastectomy.Propensity score matching(PSM)yielded 1 951 matched pairs,and disease-specific survival(DSS)and overall survival(OS)were compared between groups.Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors,and subgroup analyses were conducted.Additionally,an independent validation cohort from Xiangya Hospital,Central South University(2015-2016)included 221 BCS and 636 mastectomy patients,with OS and progression-free survival(PFS)assessed.Results:After PSM,baseline characteristics between groups were well balanced.Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no significant differences in DSS or OS between BCS and mastectomy,and 5-,7-,and 10-year OS rates were comparable(all P＞0.05).Subgroup analyses revealed equivalent outcomes for BCS and mastectomy in patients with T1/T2 disease,different HER2 statuses,and those receiving chemotherapy,while in patients receiving radiotherapy,BCS showed significantly better DSS and OS than mastectomy(both P＜0.05).Multivariate Cox regression identified T,N,and M stage,histologic grade,molecular subtype,ER/PR status,and chemotherapy as independent prognostic factors(all P＜0.05),whereas surgical type was not(P＞0.05).The validation cohort confirmed the SEER findings,with no significant differences in OS or PFS between the two groups(both P＞0.05).Conclusions:BCS provides DSS and OS comparable to mastectomy in CLBC patients and may confer additional survival benefits when combined with radiotherapy.These findings suggest that CLBC should not be considered a contraindication to BCS,supporting BCS as a feasible and safe surgical strategy that offers valuable evidence for individualized clinical decision-making and may help improve patients' quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the profile and potential significance of PTEN and NBS1 mutations among patients with familial or at early onset breast cancer in Hunan province.
 METHODS: A total of 131 breast cancer patients with familial history or suffered from breast cancer at the age of less than 35 years old were included in this study. A comprehensive phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and nibrin (NBS1) mutation analysis was performed through denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and subsequent DNA direct sequencing.
 RESULTS: Among 131 patients, a reported mutation IVS4+109insTCTTA in PTEN gene were identified in two patients. The mutation frequency of IVS4+109insTCTTA was 1.15%. Two mutations in PTEN gene, 225 A>C (Thr 160 Pro) and IVS5+13T>C, was firstly discovered. Another reported missense mutation was rs121909229 G>A (Arg 130 Gln). Three mutations were detected in NBS1 gene, of which IVS6+43A>G and IVS6+127A>G were firstly discovered and another reported synonymous mutations was rs1805794 G>C (Glu 185 Gln).
 CONCLUSION The novel mutations in PTEN and NBS1 might be specific to the familial and early-onset breast cancer of Chinese Hunan population.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; genetics ; China ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; genetics

Objective To investigate the correlative factors of sentinel lymph node(SN) metastasis status in breast cancer.Methods The clinical data of 115 patients with breast cancer who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) and axillary lymph node dissection(ALND) during June 2004 through April 2006 were retrospectively analysed.The SN metastasis were evaluated with regard to tumor size(≤2cm, 2.1cm~4cm)and C-erbB-2、p53、nm23、ER、PR status.Results Of the 115 patients SN was identified in 110(95.65%).An average of 1.97 SNs were examined per patient.Ninety-five(86.37%)of 110 patients were correctiy diagnosed in SN and AN.Thirty-six(37.89%)of 95 patients were SN positive,and 59(62.11%)were SN negative.Among the patients,SN metastasis rate in tumors 2.1cm~4cm((50.94)%) in diameter was highter compared with those ≤2cm(23.43%) in size(P0.05).Conclusions Tumor size and C-erbB-2 status were significantly associated with SN metastasis and may be used to predict SN metastasis in invasive breast cancer.

Objecctive To study the expression and significance of CD44V6 and E-Cd in gallbladder carcinoma. Methods The expression of CD44V6 and E-Cd was detected by immunohistochemical technique in 48 cases of gallbladder carcinoma, 29 cases of gallbladder adenomal polypi and 25 cases of chronic calculous cholecytitis. The association of CD44V6 and E-Cd expression with the clinical and pathologic parameters was analyzed. Results E-Cd expressed in 21 of 48 cases of gallbladder carcinoma(43 75%), 21 of 29 cases of gallbladder adenomal polypi(72 42%) and 24 of 25 cases of chronic calculous cholecytitis(96 00%), while CD44V6 expressed in 31 of 48 cases of gallbladder carcinoma(64 58%), 9 of 29 cases of gallbladder adenomal polypi(31 03%) and 1 of 25 cases of chronic calculous cholecytitis(4 00%). The expression rates of CD44V6 and E-Cd in the three kinds of tissues were significantly different(P