The lung collaterals form a network that branches from the lung meridian, traversing the lung system and extending across the body′s surface. Lung collateral disease refers to the structural alterations or dysfunction in these collaterals caused by external or internal pathogens. Research into the structural and physiological functions of children′s lung collaterals, as well as the pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation for treating lung collateral diseases in children, holds significant value in guiding the prevention and treatment of pediatric respiratory conditions. Drawing on the theory of collateral disease, the clinical insights of both historical and contemporary physicians, and modern research findings—while considering the unique physiological and pathological characteristics of children′s respiratory systems—this study provides a foundational summary of the morphology and spatial distribution of children′s lung collaterals. The characteristics of these collaterals are highlighted as thin, sparse, short, narrow, brittle, and tender. From this structural understanding, the unique physiological functions of children′s lung collaterals are analyzed. The study further explores the interactions between pathogenic factors and lung collaterals, elucidating the pathogenesis and progression of children′s lung collateral diseases. It proposes treatment principles centered on "seeking treatment in the collaterals and employing the method of unblocking collaterals, "which align with the unique features of pediatric lung collaterals. Common treatment approaches, and relevant prescriptions for managing these diseases are summarized. This paper lays the foundation for a theoretical system encompassing the structure, function, pathogenesis, and syndrome differentiation for treating children′s lung collateral diseases. It offers valuable insights for the clinical diagnosis and management of pediatric respiratory diseases linked to collateral dysfunction and serves as a reference for the systematic development of a broader theoretical framework for children′s collateral diseases.

It is considered that the fundamental pathogenesis of pediatric pertussis lies in the dysfunction of lung qi， and it is advocated to treat the disease with the method of regulating qi and relieving cough. Clinically， the disease is divided into three stages for syndrome differentiation and treatment， initial coughing stage， spasmodic coughing stage， and prolonged coughing stage. In the initial coughing stage， the pathogenesis involves invasion by external pathogens and failure of lung qi to disperse； the treatment principle is to release the exterior， expel pathogens， ventilate the lungs， and relieve cough. For cold patterns， modified San'ao Decoction （三拗汤） is prescribed； for heat type， a self-formulated Qingqi Xuanfei Decoction （清气宣肺汤） is used. In the spasmodic coughing stage， the pathogenesis is the congealing of phlegm and fire with impaired lung purification； the treatment focuses on eliminating phlegm， dredging the meridians， purging the lungs， and relieving cough. Mild cases are treated with a self-formulated Tongluo Xiefei Decoction （通络泻肺汤）， while severe cases are treated with a modified combination of Maxing Shigan Decoction （麻杏石甘汤） and Qianjin Weijing Decoction （千金苇茎汤）. In the prolonged coughing stage， the pathogenesis involves the depletion of qi and yin and latent pathogens in a weakened lung； the treatment aims to tonify qi， nourish yin， moisten the lungs， and eliminate residual pathogens. For lung yin deficiency， modified Shashen Maidong Decoction （沙参麦冬汤） is used； for lung-spleen qi deficiency， a self-formulated Jianpi Gufei Decoction （健脾固肺汤） is prescribed.

The paper summarizes the experience of Professor Wang Shouchuan in staged differentiation and treatment of pediatric lip wind.It is considered that the lesion of pediatric lip wind is located in the lip,the disease originates from the spleen and stomach,and the pathogenic factors are related to wind,fire,dryness and dampness.Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric lip wind can be divided into three phases and four syndrome types according to the exuberance and decline of pathogenic and healthy qi and changes of excess and deficiency and different symptom profiles.In the acute initial phase with redness,swelling,pain and itching as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is heat accumulation in spleen and stomach,and wind and fire attacking upwards,the treatment should be to clear stomach and purge spleen,disperse fire and eliminate wind,and modified Xiehuang San combined with Qingwei San should be used.In the chronic persistence stage with eczema vesicles as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is dampness heat in spleen and stomach,and wind-damp-heat accumulation,the treatment should be to clear heat and protect yin,dispel dampness and eliminate wind,and modified Xiaofeng San should be used;while when dryness and desquamation are the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is deficiency heat in spleen and stomach,and blood dryness generating wind,the treatment should be to nourish yin and purge fire,nourish blood and eliminate wind,and modified Siwu Xiaofeng Yin should be used.In the remission and recurrence stage with mild symptoms and easy recurrence as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is latent wind in the spleen and stomach,and dryness and dampness being retained,the treatment should be to promote the middle-jiao and eliminate wind,moisten dryness and resolve damp-ness,and modified Zengye Tang should be used.

Background and Aims:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignancies,with high incidence and mortality.The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation,apoptosis,and immune responses,and its persistent activation is closely associated with the development of HCC.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 and the STAT3-related inhibitor rapamycin(RPM)on the biological behaviors of HCC cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms.Methods:Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were divided into four groups:blank control,AG490,RPM,and AG490+RPM.Cell proliferation,migration,and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay,scratch test,and flow cytometry,respectively.ELISA and qRT-PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3,survivin,and c-Myc.A Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression and phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3.Results:Compared with the blank control group,the AG490,RPM,and AG490+RPM groups showed significantly decreased cell proliferation and migration abilities,as well as increased apoptosis,with the most pronounced effects observed in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).Inhibitor-treated groups showed elevated expression of Bax and caspase-3,decreased expression of Bcl-2,survivin,and c-Myc,with the most significant changes in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).In addition,the ratios of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 were significantly reduced in all treated groups,with the lowest levels in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion:Inhibitors targeting the JAK/STAT pathway significantly suppress proliferation and migration,and induce apoptosis in HCC cells,possibly by downregulating p-JAK2 and p-STAT3,as well as modulating genes related to apoptosis and proliferation.The combined use of AG490 and RPM exhibits superior antitumor effects,suggesting that multi-target blockade of the JAK/STAT pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Background and Aims:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignancies,with high incidence and mortality.The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation,apoptosis,and immune responses,and its persistent activation is closely associated with the development of HCC.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 and the STAT3-related inhibitor rapamycin(RPM)on the biological behaviors of HCC cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms.Methods:Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were divided into four groups:blank control,AG490,RPM,and AG490+RPM.Cell proliferation,migration,and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay,scratch test,and flow cytometry,respectively.ELISA and qRT-PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3,survivin,and c-Myc.A Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression and phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3.Results:Compared with the blank control group,the AG490,RPM,and AG490+RPM groups showed significantly decreased cell proliferation and migration abilities,as well as increased apoptosis,with the most pronounced effects observed in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).Inhibitor-treated groups showed elevated expression of Bax and caspase-3,decreased expression of Bcl-2,survivin,and c-Myc,with the most significant changes in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).In addition,the ratios of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 were significantly reduced in all treated groups,with the lowest levels in the AG490+RPM group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion:Inhibitors targeting the JAK/STAT pathway significantly suppress proliferation and migration,and induce apoptosis in HCC cells,possibly by downregulating p-JAK2 and p-STAT3,as well as modulating genes related to apoptosis and proliferation.The combined use of AG490 and RPM exhibits superior antitumor effects,suggesting that multi-target blockade of the JAK/STAT pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.

The paper summarizes the experience of Professor Wang Shouchuan in staged differentiation and treatment of pediatric lip wind.It is considered that the lesion of pediatric lip wind is located in the lip,the disease originates from the spleen and stomach,and the pathogenic factors are related to wind,fire,dryness and dampness.Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric lip wind can be divided into three phases and four syndrome types according to the exuberance and decline of pathogenic and healthy qi and changes of excess and deficiency and different symptom profiles.In the acute initial phase with redness,swelling,pain and itching as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is heat accumulation in spleen and stomach,and wind and fire attacking upwards,the treatment should be to clear stomach and purge spleen,disperse fire and eliminate wind,and modified Xiehuang San combined with Qingwei San should be used.In the chronic persistence stage with eczema vesicles as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is dampness heat in spleen and stomach,and wind-damp-heat accumulation,the treatment should be to clear heat and protect yin,dispel dampness and eliminate wind,and modified Xiaofeng San should be used;while when dryness and desquamation are the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is deficiency heat in spleen and stomach,and blood dryness generating wind,the treatment should be to nourish yin and purge fire,nourish blood and eliminate wind,and modified Siwu Xiaofeng Yin should be used.In the remission and recurrence stage with mild symptoms and easy recurrence as the main manifestation,the pathogenesis is latent wind in the spleen and stomach,and dryness and dampness being retained,the treatment should be to promote the middle-jiao and eliminate wind,moisten dryness and resolve damp-ness,and modified Zengye Tang should be used.

[Objective]To analyze the medication rules and mechanism in treatment of children with functional constipation(FC)by activating the spleen.[Methods]Collecting 562 cases of children with functional constipation,cluster analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 24.0 software,association rule analysis was performed using SPSS Modeler 18.0 software,and complex network analysis was carried out using Liquorice software to derive the core formula.The active ingredients and targets of the core formula were screened using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine(BATMAN-TCM),the targets related to FC were screened by Genome Annotation Database Platform(GeneCards),and the predicted targets were obtained after taking the intersection.Based on the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins(STRING)database,the target gene protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed,Cytoscape 3.8.0 software was used to build the core formula component-constipation-target network map,and topology analysis was performed with the help of Network Analyzer tool to identify the core targets.Based on the STRING database,gene ontology(GO)functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed by using R language 4.2.2.[Results]The cases contained 1 121 prescriptions.The improvement rate of symptoms in each course was 86％to 97％,and the improvement rate of the three main symptoms of constipation was around 90％.Drug properties were mainly cold and flat,mostly were bitter and sweet.The drugs commonly belonged to the stomach and spleen.The core formula was obtained by drug association,clustering and complex network analysis,and was composed of nine drugs.The main active ingredients of the core formula were quercetin,methylheptenone,bile triene,niacin,lignan,kaempferol and baicalin.The key targets included prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2),V-Jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog(JUN),protein kinase B1(AKT1),phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1(PIK3R1),phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform(PIK3CA),and the regulation of inflammation-related pathways such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)may be the mechanism of action of the core formula relieving constipation.[Conclusion]The core formula for the treatment of pediatric constipation by activating-spleen includes Zhishi(Aurantii Fructus Immaturus),Houpo(Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex),Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma),Jineijin(Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum),Shanzha(Crataegi Fructus),Lianqiao(Forsythiae Fructus),Juemingzi(Cassiae Semen),Huomaren(Cannabis Fructus),Huhuanglian(Picrorhizae Rhizoma),whose main components may affect the level of inflammatory factors and repairing the intestinal mucosa to restore the function of the intestinal smooth muscle,which has certain implications for the clinical application of the method of activating the spleen and the Chinese medicine treatment of FC in children.

Allergic rhinitis is a common allergic disease in children.Its pathogenesis is complex and it is difficult to achieve radi-cal cure or effective and stable long-term treatment goals.Chinese medicine has obvious advantages in preventing and treating allergic rhinitis in children due to its wide range of targets,long-lasting effects and few adverse reactions.This paper proposes that the onset of allergic rhinitis is mostly caused by the dysfunction of the lung,spleen and kidney,the external wind triggering the latent wind,and the combination of the two winds.A staged prevention and treatment strategy of Chinese medicine should be adopted,which includes dispersing external wind,suppressing latent wind,and promoting lung-qi and clearing nasal orifice during the attack period to treat its symptoms,and preventing external wind,calming down latent wind,and regulating and tonifying the lung,spleen,and kidney during the remission period to treat its root cause;meanwhile,attention should be paid to avoiding the adverse effects of congenital endowment factors and the induction of acquired environmental factors,strengthening the body's health to protect against the evil wind,preventing the transformation of existing diseases and the recurrence of allergic rhinitis in children at all stages.

It is proposed that the constitutional characteristic of children with special constitutions is the presence of latent-wind.When these children are affected by external"deficient evil wind",conditions such as allergic rhinitis,wind cough,asthma,wind rash,and eczema may occur,all of which are classified as"wind diseases"allergic diseases).The treatment for these wind dis-eases should primarily focus on the method of dispelling wind,supplemented with syndrome differentiation to incorporate treatment ap-proaches such as dispersing pathogenic factors,eliminating dampness,moistening dryness,resolving phlegm,cooling the blood,nour-ishing the blood,and reinforcing the exterior.This paper introduces how to understand the etiology and pathogenesis,as well as clini-cal differentiation of allergic diseases in children,such as allergic rhinitis,wind cough,asthma,wind rash,and eczema,through the lens of the theory of latent-wind.It also presents effective experiences and formulas for treating these diseases primarily using the meth-od of dispelling wind.

[Objective]To summarize the experience of Professor WANG Shouchuan in treating childhood eczema.[Methods]By consulting relevant materials,following up teachers collecting and organizing medical records,etc.,this article elaborated Professor WANG's understanding of the etiology,pathogenesis and location of childhood eczema,analyzed and summarized Professor WANG's diagnosis and treatment ideas and medication experience in treating the disease.One typical case was attached as proof.[Results]Professor WANG believed that wind,dampness and heat were the key pathogenic factors of childhood eczema.The underlying wind was the key pathogenesis.The disease was located on the muscle surface and was related to the lungs,spleen,heart and liver.The principle of treatment based on syndrome differentiation was to eliminate wind.The treatment of the syndrome of dampness and heat accumulated in the skin was to dispel wind,relieve itching and eliminate damp and heat.The remedy of the type of fire poison was to cool blood,dispel wind and detoxify fire.The cure of the syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation was to remove dampness,eliminate wind and strengthen the spleen.The therapy of the type of blood deficiency and wind dryness was to moisten dryness,dissipate wind,nourish Yin and blood.In the attached case,the patient initially had the syndrome of dampness and heat accumulation,and the prescription was based on Simiao Powder.Later,it turned to the syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation,and Shenling Baizhu Powder was selected as the base.It was added and subtracted according to the symptoms.In the end,the patient recovered from the illness.[Conclusion]Professor WANG combines with the theory of latent wind and the physical characteristics of children,closely linked to the pathogenesis,took eliminating wind as the first essence,supplemented with dehumidification,heat clearing,spleen strengthening,blood nourishing and other methods to treat childhood eczema and got significant curative effect.His experience of treating childhood eczema is worth learning and promoting.