Rheumatoid arthritis belongs to arthralgia in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, with cold dampness obstruction pattern (CDO) and damp heat obstruction pattern (DHO) as the main pattern types. Fine therapeutic effects have been obtained in clinical practice following the differentiation of CDO and DHO. However, suitable animal models are not available currently. For adapting to the clinical diagnosis, as well as carrying out basic research of integrated Chinese and Western medicine and preclinical study on new Chinese medicine in a better way, the “Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold Dampness Obstruction Pattern and Damp Heat Obstruction Pattern” (referred to as “Guidelines”) were compiled by our research group in cooperation with renowned experts in clinical, pharmaceutical, zoological, and methodological research fields. According to the theory of disease and syndrome integration, experts standardized the establishment methods for animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with CDO and DHO. The Guidelines were compiled via the nominal group method according to the principle of evidence coming in main place, consensus as the auxiliary, and experience as the references. Contents such as animal species, arthritis induction methods, external stimulation conditions, and assessment indicators were specified in the Guidelines based on the comprehensive evaluation of pathogenesis homology, behavioral phenotypic consistency, and drug therapy predictability between animal models and human diseases. The Guidelines will be applicable to the research on syndromes in rheumatoid arthritis, elucidation of acting mechanism, and development of new medicine, and provide reference for standardizing other types of animal models with the integration of disease and syndrome, to promote the modernization of Chinese medicine research.

Rheumatoid arthritis belongs to arthralgia syndrome in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine， and cold-dampness obstruction syndrome and dampness-heat obstruction syndrome are core syndromes and main syndrome differentiation types of this disease. Fine therapeutic effects have been obtained in the long-term clinical practice of many famous traditional Chinese medicine practitioners following the syndrome differentiation and treatment based on the guiding principles of cold and heat. To adapt to the clinical diagnosis practice of combining disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation， and to better carry out basic research on integrated Chinese and Western medicine and preclinical study on new traditional Chinese medicines， Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-Dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-Heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） were compiled by our research group， in cooperation with the renowned experts in research fields including traditional Chinese medicine， clinical medicine， zoology and evidence-based medicine， which provide a meaningful reference for scientific research， teaching and clinical applications. The compilation process of the Guidelines was guided by the theory of disease and syndrome integration and the principles of "evidence takes the main place， consensus plays an auxiliary role， and experience serves as the reference". Based on the comprehensive evaluation of pathogenesis homology， behavioral phenotypic consistency， and drug treatment predictability compared between animal models and human diseases， by the nominal group method， "recommendations" were formed for recommendations supported by evidence， and "consensus recommendations" were formed for recommendations not supported by evidence. Guidelines were formed involving content such as animal types， arthritis modeling methods， external stimulation conditions， and modeling assessment indicators during the establishment of the animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with cold-dampness obstruction syndrome and dampness-heat obstruction syndrome. The Guidelines are applicable for the disease and syndrome research on rheumatoid arthritis， investigation of therapeutic mechanisms， and development of new traditional Chinese medicine. The Guidelines also provide a reference for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models to further promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine research and its integration with international academic development.

The Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） （No. T/CACM1567-2024） was published by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine on January 11， 2024. To assist researchers and medical workers in understanding and applying the Guidelines more accurately， and also to provide reference and assistance for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models， this paper made a declaration of the workflow， technological links， development references， promotion of its application and after-effect evaluation of the Guidelines that has been made according to the requirements of "Draft Group Standard of the Standardization Office of the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

The accuracy of medical imaging diagnosis will directly impact the clinical forensic evaluation's scientific validity and objectivity.This study systematically analyzed the primary causes of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in imaging examinations,focusing on representative cases,including rib fractures,traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage,joint injuries with ligament damage,nasal fractures,congenital skeletal variations,and epiphyseal injuries.Key contributing factors encompassed limitation of imaging technologies,the insufficient interpretive experience of examiners,the complexity of injury mechanisms,and inadequate post-traumatic dynamic imaging follow-up.To address these issues,improvement strategies are proposed,which were establishing standardized imaging review protocols,implementing multimodal imaging approaches,rigorous evaluation of original imaging data,and enhancing professional knowledge regarding anatomical variations and injury differentiation.These measures aim to elevate the quality of forensic imaging diagnosis,providing more precise and reliable strategies for forensic clinical identifications.

Objective:To explore the surgical treatment strategies for Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 25 adult patients with Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures, admitted to the Upper Extremity Orthopaedics Department of Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital from June 2013 to June 2023. There were 15 males and 10 females, with an average age of 43.5±14.7 years (range: 20-67 years). Among them, 5 cases were complicated with humeroulnar joint dislocation. The patients were divided into two groups: 17 cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of radial head fractures combined with ORIF of proximal ulnar fractures (open reduction group), and 8 cases were treated with radial head replacement combined with ORIF of proximal ulnar fractures (radial head replacement group). At the last follow-up, elbow joint range of motion was recorded, and pain, elbow function, and subjective upper limb function were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale. The incidence of complications was also recorded.Results:All 25 patients were followed up for an average of 25.6±9.0 months (range: 12-45 months). At the last follow-up, the affected elbows in the open reduction group had a flexion of 124.47°±12.59° (range, 90°-140°), extension of 21.12°±10.07° (range, 10°-50°), pronation of 48.59°±11.62° (range, 20°-61°), and supination of 48.53°±8.43° (range, 30°-60°). In the radial head replacement group, the affected elbows showed flexion of 128.75°±13.17° (range, 100°-140°), extension of 14.00°±7.71° (range, 0°-25°), pronation of 61.25°±10.26° (range, 60°-80°), and supination of 71.88°±10.33° (range, 60°-80°). The MEPS score in the open reduction group was 82(75, 85) points (range, 55-90 points), the VAS pain score was 1(1, 2) points (range, 0-3 points), and the DASH score was 9(8, 14) points. In the radial head replacement group, the MEPS score was 90(85, 90) points (range, 85-90 points), the VAS pain score was 1(0, 1) points (range, 0-1 points), and the DASH score was 5(5, 6) points. Complications included 5 cases of heterotopic ossification, 1 case of incision infection, 1 case of nonunion, 1 case of ulnar nerve injury combined with traumatic arthritis, and 1 case of proximal radioulnar bone bridge formation.Conclusions:Both radial head replacement and open reduction internal fixation combined with proximal ulnar fracture fixation can effectively treat Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures. There was no significant difference in postoperative flexion and extension, but the radial head replacement group demonstrated better forearm rotation and DASH scores postoperatively.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of gastric-soleal turndown flap and knotless anchor bridging fixation via a modified incision in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture of Myerson type Ⅲ.Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of the 18 patients who had been treated at Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital from February 2020 to July 2023 for chronic Achilles tendon rupture of Myerson type Ⅲ by means of gastric-soleal turndown flap and knotless anchor bridging fixation via a modified incision. There were 15 males and 3 females, with an age of (37.2±6.8) years. All patients suffered from unilateral injury, involving 13 left sides and 5 right sides. Their body mass index was (22.6±2.5) kg/m 2. The operation time, blood loss, incision length, wound healing and complications were documented. The ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the last follow-up were compared between the affected side and the healthy side. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS) before operation were compared with those at the last follow-up. Results:All the 18 patients were followed up for (18.0±5.5) months. Their operation time was (69.1±5.2) minutes, blood loss (71.6±9.2) mL, incision at the broken end of the Achilles tendon (12.4±2.6) cm and incision at the proximal end (2.5±0.4) cm. At the last follow-up, the ankle dorsiflexion was 12.7°±1.9° and the ankle plantar flexion 35.2°±2.0° at the affected side, showing no significant difference from those at the healthy side (13.0°±2.1° and 34.7°±1.8°) ( P>0.05). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was (89.4±3.4) points and the ATRS (85.3±3.2) points for the affected side at the last follow-up, showing significant improvements compared with the preoperative values [(54.2±4.2) points and (51.1±4.6) points] ( P<0.05). All the incisions healed at one stage after operation, with no such complications as incision infection or re-rupture of the Achilles tendon. One patient experienced mild pain at the anchor insertion site, but the pain disappeared 6 months after operation without any treatment. One patient had the symptoms of sural nerve injury which responded to 3 months of oral neurotrophic medication. Conclusion:In the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture of Myerson type Ⅲ, gastric-soleal turndown flap and knotless anchor bridging fixation via a modified incision can result in limited invasion, a low incidence of complications, and definite effectiveness.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of a new classification system proposed by us applied to the treatment of irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of the 225 patients with irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fracture who had been treated between January 2023 and November 2024 at Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital (78 cases), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (61 cases), Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (28 cases), Zhengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (34 cases), and Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (24 cases). There were 86 males and 139 females, with an age of (74.8±7.9) years. Satisfactory reduction had failed in all patients even after 3 attempts at closed reduction. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether the new classification system proposed by our research team in our previous study was used to guide the treatment. The observation group of 116 cases were treated through an extended incision at the head of the intramedullary nail for reduction and fixation under the guidance of the new classification system while the control group of 109 cases were treated by reduction and fixation through a direct anterolateral incision. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, Harris hip scores at 3 months after operation and the last follow-up, and incidence of complications were compared between the 2 groups.Results:No statistically significant differences were observed in the baseline characteristics between the 2 groups, indicating comparability ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up for (12.6±2.5) months after operation. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and fracture healing time [(39.5±9.7) minutes, (106.6±54.8) mL, and (3.1±0.7) months] in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group [(70.2±11.1) minutes, (322.8±55.5) mL, and (4.5±0.7) months] ( P<0.05). The Harris hip scores at 3 months after operation and the last follow-up in the observation group [(90.3±3.4) points and (93.7±3.2) points] were significantly higher than those in the control group [(75.1±3.8) points and (78.7±3.6) points] ( P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 6.0% (7/116), significantly lower than that in the control group [14.7% (16/109)] ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fractures, compared with the conventional anterolateral approach for intramedullary nailing, the extended intramedullary head nail approach guided by our new classification system can reduce operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, and incidence of postoperative complications, and improve postoperative hip joint function.

Drug addiction is a serious public health problem worldwide,for which there are currently no established therapeutic medications.Since the legalization of cannabis and the approval of cannabidiol(CBD)by the US Food and Drug Administration,its therapeutic potential for the treatment of substance abuse has been widely explored.Numerous studies have shown that CBD can reduce drug reward in animal models of addiction such as self-administration,conditioned positional preference,and intracranial self-stimulation.CBD can also reduce withdrawal symptoms from substances such as amphetamines,opioids,cocaine,marijuana,alcohol,and nicotine.The mechanisms by which CBD modulates drug addiction,however,are complex and understudied.Here we review studies of CBD related to addictive drugs to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of CBD in drug addiction and provide references for related studies on substance abuse.

Objectives:To summarize the characteristics of Fabry′s disease with cardiac involvement.Methods:This was a single-center, cross-sectional, retrospective study. Patients with Fabry disease who were admitted to Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from January 2022 to March 2023 were included. Clinical data, laboratory results, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance findings of enrolled patients were collected. Clinical presentations and imaging features of patients with Fabry′s disease with cardiac involvement were summarized and analyzed.Results:A total of 17 patients from 8 families were included, with 9 males and diagnosis age of (44.35±13.72) years. Cardiac involvement and other organ involvement were presented in all patients and the heart was the most vulnerable organ (17/17). 24 h electrocardiogram showed frequent sinus arrhythmia in 3 patients. Echocardiography showed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in 1 patient, myocardial hypertrophy in 13 patients, and left ventricular wall thickness ≥13 mm in 10 patients. Mitral regurgitation was observed in 11 patients and tricuspid regurgitation in 12 patients. Two patients underwent two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, both revealing reduced regional longitudinal strain of the left ventricle, primarily in the basal segments. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in 2 patients, myocardial hypertrophy in 16 patients, and left ventricular wall thickness≥13 mm in 14 patients. T1 value was reduced in 16 patients, with late gadolinium enhancement observed in 9 patients and “pseudo-normalization” of T1 values in 1 patient. The most susceptible target organ besides the heart was the kidneys (14/17), followed by the central nervous system (9/17). Additional findings inclucling cutaneous angiokeratoma in 4 patients, peripheral neuropathy with burning pain and hypohidrosis or hyperhidrosis in 6 patients, and corneal vortex opacities in 2 patients.Conclusion:The main manifestations of cardiac involvement in Fabry′s disease are decreased cardiac function, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. Advanced imaging techniques such as two-dimensional speckle tracking, T1 Mapping, and late gadolinium enhancement are useful in detecting myocardial pathological changes of Fabry′s disease.

Objective:To explore the surgical treatment strategies for Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 25 adult patients with Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures, admitted to the Upper Extremity Orthopaedics Department of Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital from June 2013 to June 2023. There were 15 males and 10 females, with an average age of 43.5±14.7 years (range: 20-67 years). Among them, 5 cases were complicated with humeroulnar joint dislocation. The patients were divided into two groups: 17 cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of radial head fractures combined with ORIF of proximal ulnar fractures (open reduction group), and 8 cases were treated with radial head replacement combined with ORIF of proximal ulnar fractures (radial head replacement group). At the last follow-up, elbow joint range of motion was recorded, and pain, elbow function, and subjective upper limb function were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale. The incidence of complications was also recorded.Results:All 25 patients were followed up for an average of 25.6±9.0 months (range: 12-45 months). At the last follow-up, the affected elbows in the open reduction group had a flexion of 124.47°±12.59° (range, 90°-140°), extension of 21.12°±10.07° (range, 10°-50°), pronation of 48.59°±11.62° (range, 20°-61°), and supination of 48.53°±8.43° (range, 30°-60°). In the radial head replacement group, the affected elbows showed flexion of 128.75°±13.17° (range, 100°-140°), extension of 14.00°±7.71° (range, 0°-25°), pronation of 61.25°±10.26° (range, 60°-80°), and supination of 71.88°±10.33° (range, 60°-80°). The MEPS score in the open reduction group was 82(75, 85) points (range, 55-90 points), the VAS pain score was 1(1, 2) points (range, 0-3 points), and the DASH score was 9(8, 14) points. In the radial head replacement group, the MEPS score was 90(85, 90) points (range, 85-90 points), the VAS pain score was 1(0, 1) points (range, 0-1 points), and the DASH score was 5(5, 6) points. Complications included 5 cases of heterotopic ossification, 1 case of incision infection, 1 case of nonunion, 1 case of ulnar nerve injury combined with traumatic arthritis, and 1 case of proximal radioulnar bone bridge formation.Conclusions:Both radial head replacement and open reduction internal fixation combined with proximal ulnar fracture fixation can effectively treat Mason type III radial head fractures complicated with adult Bado type II Monteggia fractures. There was no significant difference in postoperative flexion and extension, but the radial head replacement group demonstrated better forearm rotation and DASH scores postoperatively.