According to the work goals and tasks determined by edition outline of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, the standards system of Water for Pharmaceutical Purposes has been perfected. This article focuses on the Work Background, Overall Approach,Work Methodology,Standard Framework,Key Content and Significance on the standards system of Water for Pharmaceutical Purposes in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025, which can contribute to accurately understand and utilize the standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Objective: To analyze the disease burden and trends of oral diseases among China’s elderly population (1990-2021) and provide evidence for developing targeted intervention strategies Methods : Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, we extracted prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for oral conditions (permanent dental caries, edentulism, periodontal diseases, and other oral disorders) in individuals aged ≥60 years in China. Due to data limitations, other oral diseases only included DALYs and prevalence. Age-standardized rates (ASR)—including age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR)--were calculated. Trends were assessed via Joinpoint regression using average annual percentage change (AAPC), stratified by sex and age groups (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, 85-89, 90-94, 95+ years). Results: From 1990 to 2021, China’s elderly population exhibited distinct trends in oral disease burden. Overall oral diseases showed declining ASDR and ASPR, yet ASIR slightly increased. Permanent dental caries demonstrated significant rises across ASDR, ASIR, and ASPR. Edentulism showed declining ASDR and ASPR alongside stable ASIR. 95+ age group saw rising rates. Periodontal diseases remained largely stable in ASDR and ASPR but experienced a slight ASIR decline. Other oral disorders showed mild ASDR decline and stable ASPR. Notably, sex and age disparities persisted. Women consistently bore higher burdens for overall oral diseases, caries, edentulism, and other oral diseases but lower periodontal disease rates compared to men. 85-89, 90-95, 95+ age group faced rising DALYs and prevalence for overall oral diseases, while all other age groups demonstrated declining trends in both DALYs and prevalence; for permanent caries, the 60-64 age group showed the largest increases in DALY rate, incidence, and prevalence; edentulism demonstrated the most pronounced and sustained rises in DALY rate and prevalence in the 95+ group, while declining most rapidly in the 60-64 age group; for periodontal disease, both DALY rates and prevalence declined in the 90-94 and 95+ age groups, but increased across all measures (DALY rate, incidence, and prevalence) in the 70-74 and 75-79 age group; other oral conditions exhibited relatively stable burden distributions or minor changes, with no significant age-specific shifting trends observed. Conclusion From 1990 to 2021, China’s elderly oral disease burden declined overall, but caries surged, edentulism improved, periodontal diseases stabilized, and other oral diseases slightly declined. Prioritizing older women and the adults aged 85+ is critical to addressing evolving oral health needs.

Objective: To investigate the trend in disease burden of injuries among children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control strategies and reducing this disease burden. Methods: Data on mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rate, incidence, and prevalence of injuries among children and adolescents aged <20 years in China from 1990 to 2021 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. All rates were standardized using the GBD 2021 world standard population. The trend in incidence of disease burden of injuries among children and adolescents across differents genders and ages from 1990 to 2021 was evaluated using average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: From 1990 to 2021, the standardized mortality (AAPC=-5.435%), standardized DALY rate (AAPC=-5.311%), standardized incidence (AAPC=-0.466%), and standardized prevalence (AAPC=-0.810%) of injuries among children and adolescents in China showed downward trends (all P<0.05). Among these, the standardized mortality of animal contact (AAPC=-9.138%) and the standardized DALY rate of medical side effects (AAPC=-8.389%) decreased at a relatively fast pace, while the standardized incidence of falls (AAPC=0.083%) and the standardized prevalence of exposure to natural forces (AAPC=2.656%) showed upward trends (all P<0.05). The standardized mortality, standardized DALY rate, standardized incidence and standardized prevalence of injuries were higher in males than in females. The trend in males showed a downward trend (all P<0.05), consistent with the total population. The crude incidence of injuries in the group aged 15-<20 years showed an upward trend (AAPC=0.391%, P<0.05), while the trend in the group aged 10-<15 years was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The crude incidence of injuries in the groups aged 5-<10 years and <5 years showed downward trends (AAPC=-0.488% and -2.275%, both P<0.05). In 2021, the <5 years age group had the highest crude mortality and crude DALY rate of injuries, at 13.94/100 000 and 1 257.26/100 000, respectively. The 15-<20 years age group exhibited the highest crude incidence and crude prevalence, at 4 874.05/100 000and 4 050.35/100 000, respectively. Drowning and falls were major components of the disease burden across all age groups. Conclusions From 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of injuries among children and adolescents in China showed an overall downward trend. The disease burden was consistently higher in males than in females. Children aged <5 years face a high risk of fatality and disability, while adolescents aged 15-<20 years experience a high incidence and frequency of injuries. Drowning and falls were key priorities for prevention and control.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and complications of endoscopic tandem ligation and hemorrhoids ligation.Methods Clinical data of 120 patients with grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids who were hospitalized due to hematochezia from November 2021 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the different surgical methods,60 patients who received endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation were divided into control group;60 patients who underwent endoscopic tandem ligation were divided into treatment group.The effective rate of hemorrhoidal hemorrhage,the effect of internal hemorrhoidal prolapse and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared between two groups within 6 months after operation.Results The effective rate of internal hemorrhoidal bleeding was 100.00％in both groups,and the efficacy of the treatment group in the treatment of degree Ⅱ internal hemorrhoidal prolapse was similar to that in the control group(P＞0.05),but the treatment group was significantly better than the control group in the treatment of degree Ⅲ internal hemorrhoidal prolapse(P＜0.01),the postoperative anal pain in the treatment group was significantly more than the control group(P＜0.05);There were no significant differences in postoperative perianal pain,urinary retention,and abnormal defecation between the two groups(P＞0.05).No thrombotic external hemorrhoids occured in two groups.Conclusion The short-term efficacy of endoscopic tandem ligation and hemorrhoidal ligation in the treatment of internal hemorrhoidal bleeding is similar and both achieved satisfactory results,the short-term efficacy of the two in the treatment of degree Ⅱ internal hemorrhoidal prolapse is similar,the short-term efficacy of the former in the treatment of degree Ⅲ internal hemorrhoidal prolapse is significantly better,the feeling of anal heaviness in the treatment group is more than that in the control group,and there is no striking difference in the other complications.

Objective To explore the predictive value of cognitive function trend after ACI for the recurrence risk of cerebral infarction.Methods A total of 256 ACI patients admitted to our hospi-tal from January 2021 to December 2023 were enrolled retrospectively.Based on their MoCA score at 3 months after onset,they were assigned into 96 cases of no PSCI,51 cases of improved PSCI,17 cases of delayed PSCI and 92 cases of persistent PSCI.According to the results of MoCA at 2 weeks after onset,they were divided into 133 cases of PSCI group and 123 cases of non-PSCI group.The clinical data of the ACI patients were compared between the two groups,and their cog-nitive function trends were analyzed.Results Advanced age,and larger proportions of female,du-al antiplatelet therapy and PSQI＞5 were observed in the PSCI group than the non-PSCI group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).There were significant differences in the incidences of recurrence and poor prognosis in the ACI patients with different cognitive function trends(P＜0.01).The persistent PSCI was associated with the increased risk of recurrence of cerebral infarction and poor prognosis(P＜0.05).The AUC value of persistent PSCI in predicting the recurrence and poor prognosis of cerebral infarction was 0.703(95％CI:0.631-0.767)and 0.595(95％CI:0.521-0.666),respec-tively.Conclusion Persistent PSCI can be used as a predictor of recurrence of cerebral infarction,and it also increases the risk of cognitive dysfunction in ACI patients.

Objective To observe the value of 5.0T MR susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI)for displaying cerebral small veins and detecting cerebral microbleeds(CMB).Methods Head MR examinations were prospectively performed using both 3.0T and 5.0T MR scanner in 30 stroke patients suspected caused by cerebral small vessel disease.The image quality,effect of displaying cerebral small veins and detecting CMB were compared between 3.0T and 5.0T SWI.Results The image quality scores,signal-to-noise ratios,contrast-to-noise ratios,scores of displaying deep cerebral veins and subcortical veins,the counts of detecting CMB and iron deposition on cortical surface of 5.0T SWI were all higher than those of 3.0T SWI(all P＜0.05).High consistency of CMB positions was found between 3.0T and 5.0T SWI(Kappa=1.0).Conclusion The effect of 5.0T MR SWI for displaying cerebral small veins and detecting cerebral microbleeds were better than 3.0T MR SWI,which could be used to assess stroke caused by cerebral small vascular disease.

Objective To observe the value of gastric filling ultrasound(GFUS)for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of hiatal hernia(HH).Methods Totally 71 HH patients who underwent laparoscopic HH repair and fundoplication surgery were retrospectively enrolled and divided into dysphagia group(n=23)and non dysphagia group(n=48)according to postoperative Saeed scores.GFUS parameters,including inner diameter of esophageal hiatus lumen(IDE),wall thickness of abdominal esophageal(WTE)and inner diameter of the esophageal lumen at the fold(FIDE)were compared between groups,and their value of diagnosing postoperative dysphagia were analyzed.Results In dysphagia group,IDE and FIDE were lower,while WTE was higher than those in non dysphagia group(all P＜0.05).Low IDE and high WTE were both independent risk factors of postoperative dysphagia in HH patients.The sensitivity,specificity and area under the curve(AUC)of IDE for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of HH was 82.64％,66.69％and 0.773,of WTE was 82.59％,68.73％and 0.793,of their combination was 88.89％,77.59％and 0.843,respectively.The AUC of the combination of IDE and WTE was higher than that of IDE and WTE alone(Z=1.328,1.364,P=0.044,0.043).Conclusion Combination of GFUS parameters IDE and WTE was valuable for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of HH.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Pudong New Area from 2016 to 2021 and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods The data of tuberculosis patients in Pudong New Area from 2016 to 2021 were collected through the Tuberculosis Information Management System of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The geographic information database was established by ArcGIS software and the vector map of Pudong New Area for trend surface analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis . Results From 2016 to 2021, a total of 3916 patients with etiological positive tuberculosis were found to be drug resistant with the drug resistance rate of 13.13%. The drug resistance rate of each year showed a decreasing trend (χ²_trend=14.917, P<0.001). The rates of drug resistance of male, retiree, age 50~<60 years old, 60~<70 years old and recurrent patient were higher. From 2016 to 2021, the incidence of drug-resistant TB showed no spatial aggregation.In the south - north direction, the north is higher than the south generally. In the east - west direction, the west is higher than the east generally. Conclusion Drug resistance screening should be strengthened for men, retirees, over 50 years old, and recurrent TB patients,. Prevention and control measures should be strengthened in street towns with dense population and large floating population.

Critically ill patients are at high risk for hospital acquired infections, which can significantly increase the mortality rate and treatment costs for these patients. Therefore, in the process of treating the primary disease, strict prevention and control of new hospital infections is an essential component of the treatment for critically ill patients. The treatment of critically ill patients involves multiple steps and requires a concerted effort from various aspects such as theory, management, education, standards, and supervision to achieve effective prevention and control of hospital infections. However, there is currently a lack of unified understanding and standards for hospital infection prevention and control. To address this, in March 2024, a group of experts in critical care medicine, infectious diseases, and hospital infection from China discussed the current situation and issues of hospital infection control in the intensive care unit together. Based on a review of the latest evidence-based medical evidence from both domestic and international sources, 2024 Expert Consensus on Hospital Acquired Infection Control Principles in the Department of Critical Care Medicine was formed, aiming to provide a basis for the development of hospital infection prevention and control strategies in the field of critical care medicine.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of orbital fat releasing and repositioning through supra-suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) in lower eyelid blepharoplasty.Methods:The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients who received lower eyelid blepharoplasty in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from January 2017 to January 2023. Lower eyelid blepharoplasty with orbital fat releasing and repositioning through supra-SOOF was performed. The tear trough ligament and orbicularis retaining ligament were released between the orbicularis oculi muscle and SOOF via skin approach. Orbital septal fat was released to this space, lateral fat flap was fixed to the SOOF capsule, medial fat flap was fixed to the superficial fascia of the levator labii superioris muscle, orbital septum was repositioned, and lateral canthus was suspended. After the operation, lower eyelid morphology and complications were evaluated.Results:A total of 58 patients were enrolled, including 8 males and 50 females with the age of (49.8 ± 10.4) years (32 to 70 years). All patients had obvious lower eyelid bags on both sides, combining the tear trough deformity and (or) palabromalar groove. Fifty-seven patients were followed up for (29.1 ± 16.9) months (6-67 months). All patients were satisfied with the operation. The appearance of lower eyelid was greatly improved, with elimination of fat prominence and tear trough deformity. Mild lower eyelid ectropion was observed two cases 1 week after the operation, and were relieved by moderate massage 2 weeks postoperatively. In one case, mild lower eyelid retraction was observed 1 month postoperatively, with no complaint of discomfort or further treatments. Bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage occurred in 1 case and recovered without further interventions.Conclusion:Lower eyelid blepharoplasty with orbital fat releasing and reposting through supra-SOOF can effectively release the tear trough ligament and the orbicularis retaining ligament, with stronger fat fixation and less surgical difficulty. After the operation, eyelid contour was flat and tight with fewer complications and higher patient satisfaction.