Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of Qihuakeli,a Hani formula,on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus by in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods Rat liver mesenchymal stromal cells(BRL-3A)were inoculated in six-well plates and divided into blank,palmitic acid,fenofibrate,and Qihuakeli serum-containing 5.4,10.8,and 21.6 g/kg groups.Except for the blank group,the remaining groups were intervened with 0.2 mmol/L palmitic acid(PA)for 24 hour,and then added with drug-containing serum,and then continued to incubate for 24 hour.The proliferation rate of BRL-3A cells in each group was determined.Total cholesterol(T-CHO),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)concentrations in the supernatant of each cell group were measured,cell culture medium was aspirated and discarded,triglyceride(TG)concentration in the cell lysate.The lipid content of the cells was determined by measuring and staining with red oil.Meanwhile,45 rats were taken and divided into blank group,model group,fenofibrate group(0.225 g/kg),Qihuakeli compound 5.4 g/kg group,and Qihuakeli compound 10.8 g/kg group,the blank group was given normal feed and the rest of the groups were given high-fat feed for 42 day.Beginning on the 43rd day,each group,except the blank group,was injected with a single intraperitoneal injection of Starting from the 43rd day,except the blank group,each group was given a one-time intraperitoneal injection of 0.25%streptozotocin(STZ)solution,and at the same time,the corresponding drugs were given by gavage for 14 day.The rats'weight gain and liver index were measured.Serum fasting blood glucose(FBG)and fasting insulin(FINS)were detected,and the insulin resistance index(ISI)was calculated.Serum free fatty acid(FFA)levels and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in liver tissue were also detected.HE staining was used to detect pathological changes in the pancreas.Pathological changes were observed in the tissues,and islet α and β cell expression was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared to the PA group,the accumulation rate of BRL-3A cells was significantly higher(P<0.01)in the 10.8 and 21.6 g/kg Qihuakeli-containing serum groups.The levels of T-CHO,LDL-C and TG in the 5.4 and 21.6 g/kg serum groups were significantly lower(P<0.05),and HDL-C levels significantly increased(P<0.05).Oil red staining results showed that lipids in the cytoplasm of the 5.4,10.8 and 21.6 g/kg.Qihuacel-containing groups significantly reduced.Compared to the model group,the body weight of the 10.8 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli granules increased significantly(P<0.05).The liver index of the 5.4 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli decreased significantly(P<0.05).The serum indices of FBG,FINS,FFA and insulin resistance of the 5 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the 5.4,10.8 g/kg groups,all serum FBG,FINS,FFA and insulin resistance indices significantly reduced in the 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg Qihuakeli groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).TNF-α levels were significantly reduced(P<0.01).HE staining showed that a small number of lymphocytes were scattered in the pancreatic ducts and perivascular area of the rats in the Qihuakeli 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg groups,the local vasodilatation was observed,the number of pancreatic islet cells and the area of islet cells significantly increased.Immunohistochemical study was further used.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of pancreatic islet α-cells significantly reduced and the area of pancreatic islet β-cells significantly increased in Qihuakeli 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg groups.Conclusion Qihuakeli compound improved glucose-lipid metabolism in T2DM,probably by improving the function of pancreatic islet cells,increasing the sensitivity of insulin to blood glucose,improving insulin resistance,decreasing the secretion of insulin and glucagon,and thus lowering the level of fasting blood glucose.Meanwhile,by decreasing the content of TNF-α,inhibiting lipolysis in the body,and promoting the uptake of FFA by adipocytes,and further lowering the FFA.Thus,it regulates the levels of TG,T-CHO,HDL-C and LDL-C,improves the abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism,and alleviates T2DM.

Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics of children with pneumonia and provide a reference for regional pneumonia prevention and control.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 864 children with pneumonia admitted to this hospital from January to December 2023.The disease types,common pathogen infections,and drug-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in dif-ferent age groups were analyzed.Results Among the 864 children with pneumonia,there were 466 cases(53.94%)of bronchopneumonia,290 cases(33.56%)of asthmatic bronchopneumonia,and 108 cases(12.50%)of lobar pneumonia.The infections were caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 470 cases(54.40%),Haemophilus influenzae in 196 cases(22.69%),Streptococcus pneumoniae in 172 cases(19.91%),Moraxella catarrhalis in 143 cases(16.55%),Staphylococcus aureus in 142 cases(16.43%),Re-spiratory syncytial virus in 54 cases(6.25%).The drug resistance rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was 20.00%(94/470),and that of Staphylococcus aureus was 7.75%(11/142).Among 864 children with pneumo-nia,there was 1 case(0.12%)of drug-resistant of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in the 0-<1 year age group,29 cases(3.36%)in the 1-<4 years age group,39 cases(4.51%)in the 4-<7 years age group,21 cases(2.43%)in the 7-<10 years age group,and 4 cases(0.46%)in the 10-<15 years age group.Conclu-sion Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the main pathogen in children with pneumonia,and its drug resistance rate is relatively high.

Objective To investigate the association between cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)oligoclonal band(OCB)positivity and clinical manifestations in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD).Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data from patients with NMOSD treated at our hospital from May 2019 to January 2024 was conducted.Based on OCB test results,patients were categorized into OCB-positive and OCB-negative groups.We compared baseline characteristics between the two groups and analyzed the relationship between clinical features and OCB positivity.Results This study included a total of 62 patients,comprising 17 in the OCB+group and 45 in the OCB-group.Compared with the OCB-group,patients in the OCB+group exhibited more pronounced central nervous system inflammatory features.Specifically,OCB+group had significantly higher proportions of patients with cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell counts>8×10?/L(64.7%vs.26.7%,P=0.003)and elevated immunoglobulin indices(0.72 vs.0.61,P=0.037).Additionally,the OCB+group exhibited more complex and diverse clinical presentations.Specifically,this group showed a higher incidence of mild consciousness impairment during the acute phase(P=0.005)and a greater tendency to present with multiple core symptoms(≥3 core symptoms)occurring concurrently(52.9%vs.20.0%,P=0.025)and misdiagnosis(29.4%vs.8.9%,P=0.101).This was particularly notable when comparing to acute myelitis involving the cervical spinal cord(82.4%vs.53.3%,P=0.036)and acute diencephalic syndrome[41.2%vs.6.7%,P=0.004,including hyponatremia(35.3%vs.8.9%,P=0.033)].Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that OCB positivity(OR=3.895,95%CI:1.065-14.249)was significantly associated with the presence of multiple core symptoms.Conclusion In acute-phase NMOSD patients,OCB+is associated with significantly higher rates of co-occurrence of multiple core symptoms(≥3 core symptoms)and misdiagnosis.Notably,acute myelitis involving the cervical spinal cord and acute diencephalic clinical syndrome are particularly prevalent in this OCB+subgroup.The clinical manifestations are complex and diverse,suggesting the need for enhanced clinical identification and timely intervention.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of picroside Ⅱ(P Ⅱ)on diabetes nephropathy(DN)rats by regulating fatty acid synthase(Fas)/fatty acid synthase ligand(FasL)signaling pathway.Methods A DN rat model was constructed by combining high sugar and high-fat diet with streptozotocin(STZ)injection.DN rats were grouped into model group(DN group),low,medium and high dose picroside Ⅱ groups(P-L group,P-M group,P-H group),and high dose picroside Ⅱ+Fas recombinant protein group(P-H+rh-Fas group),with healthy rats as control group,and 18 rats in each group.Fasting blood glucose(FBG),body mass,24-hour urinary protein(24h UTP),and renal function(SCr,BUN)were measured in rats.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining were applied to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue of rats;immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to detect the expression of RAGE,COL-Ⅳ and pathway proteins,respectively.Results Compared with the control group,rats in DN group showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane,mesangial proliferation,tubular degeneration,dilation,atrophy,fatty degeneration,obvious collagen deposition,higher levels of FBG,24h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β,body mass loss,and higher expression of RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas and FasL(P＜0.05).Compared with the DN group,the glomerular and tubular lesions were reduced and collagen deposition was decreased in the P-L,P-M and P-H groups,furthermore,the FBG,24h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β levels were lower,body mass was higher,and the RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas,FasL expression was lower(P＜0.05).Compared with the P-H group,the renal tissue lesions in the P-H+rh-Fas group worsened,the FBG,24 h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β levels were higher,body mass was lower,and the RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas,FasL expression was higher(P＜0.05).Conclusion Picroside Ⅱ exerts therapeutic effects on DN rats by inhibiting the Fas/FasL signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the association between cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)oligoclonal band(OCB)positivity and clinical manifestations in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD).Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data from patients with NMOSD treated at our hospital from May 2019 to January 2024 was conducted.Based on OCB test results,patients were categorized into OCB-positive and OCB-negative groups.We compared baseline characteristics between the two groups and analyzed the relationship between clinical features and OCB positivity.Results This study included a total of 62 patients,comprising 17 in the OCB+group and 45 in the OCB-group.Compared with the OCB-group,patients in the OCB+group exhibited more pronounced central nervous system inflammatory features.Specifically,OCB+group had significantly higher proportions of patients with cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell counts>8×10?/L(64.7%vs.26.7%,P=0.003)and elevated immunoglobulin indices(0.72 vs.0.61,P=0.037).Additionally,the OCB+group exhibited more complex and diverse clinical presentations.Specifically,this group showed a higher incidence of mild consciousness impairment during the acute phase(P=0.005)and a greater tendency to present with multiple core symptoms(≥3 core symptoms)occurring concurrently(52.9%vs.20.0%,P=0.025)and misdiagnosis(29.4%vs.8.9%,P=0.101).This was particularly notable when comparing to acute myelitis involving the cervical spinal cord(82.4%vs.53.3%,P=0.036)and acute diencephalic syndrome[41.2%vs.6.7%,P=0.004,including hyponatremia(35.3%vs.8.9%,P=0.033)].Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that OCB positivity(OR=3.895,95%CI:1.065-14.249)was significantly associated with the presence of multiple core symptoms.Conclusion In acute-phase NMOSD patients,OCB+is associated with significantly higher rates of co-occurrence of multiple core symptoms(≥3 core symptoms)and misdiagnosis.Notably,acute myelitis involving the cervical spinal cord and acute diencephalic clinical syndrome are particularly prevalent in this OCB+subgroup.The clinical manifestations are complex and diverse,suggesting the need for enhanced clinical identification and timely intervention.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of adult dental fluorosis in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:A case-control study was conducted in January 2024 to select adult fluorosis patients (case group) and healthy individuals (control group) from the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Helinger County, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the survey subjects. Urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride concentration. A questionnaire survey was conducted. SPSS 25.0 software was used for χ 2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to analyze the association between urinary fluoride concentration and the risk of dental fluorosis in adults. Results:A total of 161 individuals were included in the survey, including 100 in the case group and 61 in the control group. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of gender, smoking, and urinary fluoride concentration between the case group and the control group (χ 2 = 7.54, 5.02, 9.69, P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that gender ( OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.73, P = 0.005) and urinary fluoride concentration ( OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.46 - 6.67, P = 0.003) were the influencing factors of adult fluorosis. RCS analysis showed a significant linear dose-response relationship between the risk of dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride concentration ( Poverall trend = 0.001, Pnonlinear = 0.071). When the urinary fluoride concentration was greater than 1.57 mg/L, the risk of dental fluorosis increased with the increase of urinary fluoride concentration. Conclusion:Gender and urinary fluoride concentration are the risk factors of dental fluorosis in adults in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of picroside Ⅱ(P Ⅱ)on diabetes nephropathy(DN)rats by regulating fatty acid synthase(Fas)/fatty acid synthase ligand(FasL)signaling pathway.Methods A DN rat model was constructed by combining high sugar and high-fat diet with streptozotocin(STZ)injection.DN rats were grouped into model group(DN group),low,medium and high dose picroside Ⅱ groups(P-L group,P-M group,P-H group),and high dose picroside Ⅱ+Fas recombinant protein group(P-H+rh-Fas group),with healthy rats as control group,and 18 rats in each group.Fasting blood glucose(FBG),body mass,24-hour urinary protein(24h UTP),and renal function(SCr,BUN)were measured in rats.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining were applied to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue of rats;immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to detect the expression of RAGE,COL-Ⅳ and pathway proteins,respectively.Results Compared with the control group,rats in DN group showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane,mesangial proliferation,tubular degeneration,dilation,atrophy,fatty degeneration,obvious collagen deposition,higher levels of FBG,24h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β,body mass loss,and higher expression of RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas and FasL(P＜0.05).Compared with the DN group,the glomerular and tubular lesions were reduced and collagen deposition was decreased in the P-L,P-M and P-H groups,furthermore,the FBG,24h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β levels were lower,body mass was higher,and the RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas,FasL expression was lower(P＜0.05).Compared with the P-H group,the renal tissue lesions in the P-H+rh-Fas group worsened,the FBG,24 h UTP,SCr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β levels were higher,body mass was lower,and the RAGE,COL-Ⅳ,Fas,FasL expression was higher(P＜0.05).Conclusion Picroside Ⅱ exerts therapeutic effects on DN rats by inhibiting the Fas/FasL signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of adult dental fluorosis in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:A case-control study was conducted in January 2024 to select adult fluorosis patients (case group) and healthy individuals (control group) from the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Helinger County, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the survey subjects. Urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride concentration. A questionnaire survey was conducted. SPSS 25.0 software was used for χ 2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to analyze the association between urinary fluoride concentration and the risk of dental fluorosis in adults. Results:A total of 161 individuals were included in the survey, including 100 in the case group and 61 in the control group. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of gender, smoking, and urinary fluoride concentration between the case group and the control group (χ 2 = 7.54, 5.02, 9.69, P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that gender ( OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.73, P = 0.005) and urinary fluoride concentration ( OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.46 - 6.67, P = 0.003) were the influencing factors of adult fluorosis. RCS analysis showed a significant linear dose-response relationship between the risk of dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride concentration ( Poverall trend = 0.001, Pnonlinear = 0.071). When the urinary fluoride concentration was greater than 1.57 mg/L, the risk of dental fluorosis increased with the increase of urinary fluoride concentration. Conclusion:Gender and urinary fluoride concentration are the risk factors of dental fluorosis in adults in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of Qihuakeli,a Hani formula,on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus by in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods Rat liver mesenchymal stromal cells(BRL-3A)were inoculated in six-well plates and divided into blank,palmitic acid,fenofibrate,and Qihuakeli serum-containing 5.4,10.8,and 21.6 g/kg groups.Except for the blank group,the remaining groups were intervened with 0.2 mmol/L palmitic acid(PA)for 24 hour,and then added with drug-containing serum,and then continued to incubate for 24 hour.The proliferation rate of BRL-3A cells in each group was determined.Total cholesterol(T-CHO),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)concentrations in the supernatant of each cell group were measured,cell culture medium was aspirated and discarded,triglyceride(TG)concentration in the cell lysate.The lipid content of the cells was determined by measuring and staining with red oil.Meanwhile,45 rats were taken and divided into blank group,model group,fenofibrate group(0.225 g/kg),Qihuakeli compound 5.4 g/kg group,and Qihuakeli compound 10.8 g/kg group,the blank group was given normal feed and the rest of the groups were given high-fat feed for 42 day.Beginning on the 43rd day,each group,except the blank group,was injected with a single intraperitoneal injection of Starting from the 43rd day,except the blank group,each group was given a one-time intraperitoneal injection of 0.25%streptozotocin(STZ)solution,and at the same time,the corresponding drugs were given by gavage for 14 day.The rats'weight gain and liver index were measured.Serum fasting blood glucose(FBG)and fasting insulin(FINS)were detected,and the insulin resistance index(ISI)was calculated.Serum free fatty acid(FFA)levels and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in liver tissue were also detected.HE staining was used to detect pathological changes in the pancreas.Pathological changes were observed in the tissues,and islet α and β cell expression was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared to the PA group,the accumulation rate of BRL-3A cells was significantly higher(P<0.01)in the 10.8 and 21.6 g/kg Qihuakeli-containing serum groups.The levels of T-CHO,LDL-C and TG in the 5.4 and 21.6 g/kg serum groups were significantly lower(P<0.05),and HDL-C levels significantly increased(P<0.05).Oil red staining results showed that lipids in the cytoplasm of the 5.4,10.8 and 21.6 g/kg.Qihuacel-containing groups significantly reduced.Compared to the model group,the body weight of the 10.8 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli granules increased significantly(P<0.05).The liver index of the 5.4 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli decreased significantly(P<0.05).The serum indices of FBG,FINS,FFA and insulin resistance of the 5 g/kg group containing Qihuakeli decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the 5.4,10.8 g/kg groups,all serum FBG,FINS,FFA and insulin resistance indices significantly reduced in the 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg Qihuakeli groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).TNF-α levels were significantly reduced(P<0.01).HE staining showed that a small number of lymphocytes were scattered in the pancreatic ducts and perivascular area of the rats in the Qihuakeli 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg groups,the local vasodilatation was observed,the number of pancreatic islet cells and the area of islet cells significantly increased.Immunohistochemical study was further used.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of pancreatic islet α-cells significantly reduced and the area of pancreatic islet β-cells significantly increased in Qihuakeli 5.4 and 10.8 g/kg groups.Conclusion Qihuakeli compound improved glucose-lipid metabolism in T2DM,probably by improving the function of pancreatic islet cells,increasing the sensitivity of insulin to blood glucose,improving insulin resistance,decreasing the secretion of insulin and glucagon,and thus lowering the level of fasting blood glucose.Meanwhile,by decreasing the content of TNF-α,inhibiting lipolysis in the body,and promoting the uptake of FFA by adipocytes,and further lowering the FFA.Thus,it regulates the levels of TG,T-CHO,HDL-C and LDL-C,improves the abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism,and alleviates T2DM.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of single unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)and total knee arthroplasty(TKA)for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.Methods A total of 21 patients who underwent TKA and 15 who underwent UKA were randomly recruited.Biomechanical tests were performed before surgery and at 6th and 12th month after surgery.A Vicon infrared motion capture system and Kistler three-dimensional force plate were used to simultaneously acquire the kinematic and kinetic data of the patients during stair walking.Results During stair ascent,the peak knee flexion moment in the TKA group was significantly lower than that in the UKA group;the time to peak knee flexion/adduction moment,knee flexion moment impulse,and load rate of the peak knee adduction moment in the UKA group were significantly lower than those in the UKA group.During stair descent,the peak knee extension power in the UKA group was significantly lower before surgery and at 6th month after surgery;the load rate of the peak vertical ground reaction force was significantly higher before surgery and the peak knee extension moment was significantly greater at 6th month after surgery;at 12th month after surgery,there was no significant difference in the biomechanical characteristics during stair ascent and descent.Conclusions The TKA and UKA groups showed similar knee joint function after surgery;however,compared with the UKA group,the TKA group may adopt a different lower extremity biomechanical pattern.The UKA group showed better quadriceps control after surgery and improved postural control during stair descent,whereas the TKA group adopted a conservative stair gait strategy to reduce the knee load.Compared with the peak moment,the time to peak moment and load rate of the peak moment were more sensitive indicators for determining the difference in the knee load.