ObjectiveTo adapt the Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale（SETS） into Chinese（C-SETS） and test the feasibility， validity and reliability of its application in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome（IBS-D） with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome treated with traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. MethodsWe obtained authorisation from the developer of the SETS， and followed the principle of "two-way translation" to translate the SETS by literal translation and back translation to form the C-SETS. Ninety-six IBS-D patients with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome were enrolled as respondents and filled out C-SETS before receiving treatment； the feasibility was assessed by the recall rate， completion rate and the duration of filling out the scale； the reliability was assessed by Cronbach's α； the structural validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis， and the content validity was assessed by correlation analysis. ResultsThe C-SETS consists of 10 items， with the 1st， 3rd， and 5th rating items constituting the Positive Expectations subscale， and the 2nd， 4th， and 6th rating items constituting the Negative Expectations subscale， each of which is rated on a 7-point Likert Scale. The recall of C-SETS was 100%（96/96）， the completion rate was 89.58%（86/96）； Cronbach's α for the Positive and Negative Treatment Expectations subscales were 0.845 and 0.854， respectively； exploratory factor analysis showed that the coefficient of commonality for all six entries was larger than 0.4， and that the six entries could be used by both factors to explain 77.092% of the total variance； validation factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit index， comparative fit index， root mean square of approximation error， canonical fit coefficient， and chi-square degrees of freedom ratio took the values of 0.943， 1.003， 0， 0.943， and 0.626， respectively； and the results of Spearman's analysis suggested that the C-SETS had good content validity. ConclusionThe C-SETS has well feasibility， reliability， and validity， which initially proves that it can be used as a tool to assess the treatment expectation of patients with IBS-D with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome before receiving TCM treatment.

Methods: CHB patients and healthy volunteers were enrolled from Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between August 21, 2018 and December 31, 2020. They were divided into three groups: healthy group, LGDHS group, and latent syndrome (LP) group. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Metabolomic profiling via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied to serum samples to detect differentially regulated metabolites (DMs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment were employed to explore dysregulated pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were utilized to visualize group separation and identify key metabolites and proteins contributing to LGDHS differentiation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluated the diagnostic performance of key biomarkers, while logistic regression models assessed their predictive accuracy. P values were corrected for multiple tests using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Validation of potential biomarkers was conducted using independent microarray data and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: A total of 150 participants were enrolled, including healthy group (n = 45), LGDHS group (n = 60), and LP group (n = 45). 254 DEPs from proteomics data and 72 DMs from metabolomic profiling were identified by PCA and OPLS-DA. DEPs were mainly enriched in immune and complement pathways, while DMs involved in amino acid and energy metabolism. The integrated analysis identified seven key biomarkers: α1-acid glycoprotein (ORM1), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), solute carrier family 27 member 5 (SLC27A5), glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB), hexokinase 2 (HK2), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM). Microarray validation confirmed the diagnostic potential of these genes, with area under the curve (AUC) values for ROC analysis ranging from 0.536 to 0.759. Among these, ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 showed significant differential ability in differentiating LGDHS patients (P = 0.016, P = 0.035, and P < 0.001, respectively), with corresponding AUC of 0.749, 0.743, and 0.759, respectively. A logistic regression model incorporating these three genes demonstrated an AUC of 0.939, indicating a high discriminatory power for LGDHS. RT-qPCR further validated the differential expression of ORM1 and SLC27A5 between LGDHS and LP groups (P = 0.011 and P = 0.034, respectively), with ASNS showing a consistent trend in expression (P = 0.928). Conclusion This study integrates multi-omics approaches to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying LGDHS in CHB. The identification of biomarkers ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 offers a solid basis for the objective diagnosis of LGDHS, contributing to the standardization and modernization of TCM diagnostic practices.

Objective In this study,the diversity of the TCR β chain CDR3 in peripheral blood of patients with different typical Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndromes of liver cirrhosis was analyzed by immune repertoire sequencing,the material basis and regularity of the syndromes of liver cirrhosis was discussed.Methods 20 patients with cirrhosis,including liver and gallbladder damp heat(LGHD),liver depression and spleen deficiency(LDSD),and liver and kidney yin deficiency(LKYD)were enrolled into case group,and 10 healthy patients were used as the healthy control group.DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples,and multiplex PCR amplification of TCR β chain CDR3 was performed,followed by high-throughput sequencing of the products to analyze the diversity of the TCR β chain CDR3.Results The nt sequence numbers unique to CDR3 and aa sequence numbers unique to CDR3 of LDSD between liver cirrhosis syndromes were less than LKYD(P<0.05).Clonality,Pielous,Shannon.Index and DE50 of LGHD and LKYD had significant differences(P<0.05)between two groups,as well as the frequency of multiple fragments in V and J regions and V-J gene recombination of LGHD vs.LDSD,LGHD vs.LKYD,and LKYD vs.LDSD,respectively(P<0.05).LGHD vs.LDSD,TRBV21-1,TRBV12-4,TRBV11-1 subtype and 7 pairs of V-J recombination have statistical differences(P<0.05).LGHD vs.LKYD,TRBV10-2,TRBV7-6,TRBV5-8 subtypes and 30 pairs of V-J recombination were statistically different(P<0.05).LDSD vs.LKYD,there were statistical differences between TRBJ1-5 subtype and 18 pairs of V-J recombination(P<0.05).Conclusions The present study was conducted to find that the diversity of TCR CDR3 in liver cirrhosis syndrome is significantly different and conforms to the regularity of syndrome from excess to deficiency by explore the immunological characteristics of different TCM syndromes of liver cirrhosis,and to provide new support for the objective basis of"combination of disease and TCM syndrome"and"diagnosis and treatment".We explored the different expression patterns and specificity of adaptive immune gene rearrangement in patients with different TCM syndromes to identify different expression patterns and specific markers of adaptive immune gene rearrangements of typical TCM syndromes in liver cirrhosis.

The liver in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory of visceral manifestation has rich connotations. Thestructure and function of liver differed from that of liver in modern recognition. Research on TCM theory has partiallyexplained the liver theory. The function of controlling dispersion of liver was associated with neuro-endocrine-immunesystem, liver sinus endothelial function, and metallothionein, etc. While the activity of storing blood of liver related withblood coagulation factors, anticoagulant and so on. The functional interaction between Zang-organ and Fu-organ maycorrelate with the lung-liver axis and liver-intestine axis. The review summarized the modern explanation on liverfunction in TCM and its relationship with Fu-organs to help the development of TCM basic theory in liver function.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors.Accumulating evidences suggests that gut microbiota play an important role in CRC initiation and progression.Chinese herbal medicine has certain regulation effects on disorders of gut microbiota.In current review,we discuss the changes of gut microbiota in CRC patients,and summarize the effects of gut microbiota on CRC progression and their underlying mechanisms through barrier function,inflammation,bacterial enzymes,toxic metabolites,as well as the effects of Chinese herbal medicine on gut microbiota.This review provides a basic scientific and clinical application of gut microbiota in CRC.

This study was aimed to predict active compounds,drug targets and potential diseases of Yi-Guan decoction (YGD) by network pharmacological technology,and to clarify molecular mechanisms of YGD efficiency on different diseases with liver and kidney yin deficiency syndrome (LKYDS).Chemistry compounds,targets and related diseases from YGD were collected from TCMSP,TCM Database@Taiwan,TCMID,HIT,Drugbank,PubChem and TTD databases.The YGD compounds-targets-diseases network was constructed.The network topology was analyzed by Cytoscape software.The analysis of GO biological processes and KEGG pathways enrichment were performed by DAVID website.The results showed that 849 chemical compounds were identified from Beishashen,Maidong,Danggui,Shengdihuang,Chuanlianzi and Gouqizi.There were 49 active CHM compounds that were both oral bioavailability (OB) ≥ 30％ and drug-likeness (DL) ≥ 0.18,corresponding to 200 target proteins and 264 diseases.The top three GO biological processes were response to organic substance,regulation of cell proliferation,and response to endogenous stimulus,respectively.The top three KEGG pathways were pathways in cancer,hepatitis B,and prostate cancer,respectively.It was concluded that the analysis on YGD was conducted based on network pharmacology,and the compound-target-disease network was built,which may help to clarify the mechanisms of YGD efficiency on different diseases with LKYDS.It can provide clues to find new potential clinical adaptation of disease and new drugs.

In the long course of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) development history,generations of physicians in their long-term medical practice,have paid attention to assimilate and apply new technology and new theory,constantly enrich and perfect the medical technologies,methods and theory systems.It is particularly important to promote the innovation of TCM theory and guide the clinical application of TCM through the learning and absorption of advantages from modern technologies and biomedicine to transform as part of TCM,and then,to expatiate with TCM language.It is especially important in the promotion of TCM theory innovation and clinical guidance of TCM practice.This paper overviewed the common points between TCM and modern medicine from the aspects of balance and steady state of organism,zangfu-organ relationship,etiology and pathogenesis,syndrome differentiation methods,compatibility of Chinese herbal medicine and formula,medicinal properties and pharmacology,etc.The feasibility of applying modern medicine in the interpretation of TCM and its development prospects was expatiated.It provided new ideas and new methods in TCM development.

Research on disease-syndrome combination is the main approach and method of research on integrative traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Disease-syndrome combination embodies the complementary advantages of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. It discusses the relationship between diseases and syndromes through an interdisciplinary approach, and explores rules of disease diagnosis and treatment based on differential diagnosis. Thanks to the development of modern life science techniques, research on disease-syndrome combination has made great achievements. This article mainly introduced the application and the development prospects of new techniques, such as data mining, system biology, epigenetics, biological network and network pharmacology in the research on disease-syndrome combination in recent years, with a purpose to provide the ideas and the methods for further research and clinical application.

Objective To investigate the differential gene expression in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with typical syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) syndromes, and to explore the relationship between TCM syndromes and gene expression. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from CHB patients and healthy volunteers before treatment. After total RNA of leukocytes was isolated, the gene expression profiles were detected by microarray. The expression levels of partial genes were tested by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) . Results Microarray analysis results showed that there were significant differences of gene expression between CHB patients and healthy volunteers, and among CHB patients with the syndrome of liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency, syndrome of damp-heat accumulation, and syndrome of liver-kidney yin deficiency. The results of gene ontology ( GO) and signal pathway analysis between the healthy control and CHB patients with various syndromes showed that the specially-regulated genes of CHB patients with liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency were mainly related to cytokinetic process, those in patients with dampness-heat accumulation were mainly related to the positive regulation of lipid storage, and those of patients with liver-kidney yin deficiency were mainly related to the activities of nitric oxide synthase regulator. The real time RT-PCR for partial genes presented the similar results with those of gene microarray. Conclusion There are specific expression profiles of differential genes and significant differential genes in CHB patients with the syndrome of liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency, syndrome of damp-heat accumulation, and syndrome of liver-kidney yin deficiency, which may be the molecular foundation for the classification of TCM syndromes of CHB patients.

Liver fibrosis is a primary cause of liver cirrhosis, and even hepatocarcinoma. Recently, the usage of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been investigated to improve liver fibrosis. It has been reported that the differentiation, proliferation and migration of MSCs can be regulated by traditional Chinese medicine treatment; however, the mechanisms are still unclear. In this article, the authors review the characteristics of MSCs such as multidirectional differentiation and homing, and its application in animal experiments and clinical trials. The authors also list areas that need further investigation, andlook at the future prospects of clinical application of MSCs.