Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

This study aims to explore the mechanism through which Yishen Jiangtang Decoction(YSJTD) regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-mediated NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome to improve diabetic nephropathy(DN) in db/db mice. Thirty db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group, YSJTD group, ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA) group, with 10 mice in each group. Additionally, 10 db/m mice were selected as the control group. The YSJTD group was orally administered YSJTD at a dose of 0.01 mL·g~(-1), the 4-PBA group was orally administered 4-PBA at a dose of 0.5 mg·g~(-1), and the control and model groups were given an equal volume of carboxylmethyl cellulose sodium. The treatments were administered once daily for 8 weeks. Food intake, water consumption, and body weight were recorded every 2 weeks. After the intervention, fasting blood glucose(FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c), urine microalbumin(U-mALB), 24-hour urine volume, serum creatinine(Scr), and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were measured. Inflammatory markers interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18) were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Renal pathology was assessed through hematoxylin-eosin(HE), periodic acid-Schiff(PAS), and Masson staining, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP), NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD(ASC), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase(caspase-1), and gasdermin D(GSDMD) in kidney tissues. The results showed that compared to the control group, the model group exhibited poor general condition, increased weight and food and water intake, and significantly higher levels of FBG, HbA1c, U-mALB, kidney index, 24-hour urine volume, IL-1β, and IL-18. Compared to the model group, the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups showed improved general condition, increased body weight, decreased food intake, and lower levels of FBG, U-mALB, kidney index, 24-hour urine volume, and IL-1β. Specifically, the YSJTD group showed a significant reduction in IL-18 levels compared to the model group, while the 4-PBA group exhibited decreased water intake and HbA1c levels compared to the model group. Although there was a decreasing trend in water intake and HbA1c in the YSJTD group, the differences were not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in BUN, Scr, and kidney weight among the groups. Renal pathology revealed that the model group exhibited more severe renal damage compared to the control group. Kidney sections from the model group showed diffuse mesangial proliferation in the glomeruli, tubular edema, tubular dilation, significant inflammatory cell infiltration in the interstitium, and increased glycogen staining and blue collagen deposition in the basement membrane. In contrast, the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups showed varying degrees of improvement in renal damage, glycogen staining, and collagen deposition, with the YSJTD group showing more significant improvements. TEM analysis indicated that the model group had extensive cytoplasmic edema, homogeneous thickening of the basement membrane, fewer foot processes, and widening of fused foot processes. In the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups, cytoplasmic swelling of renal tissues was reduced, the basement membrane remained intact and uniform, and foot process fusion improved.Western blot results indicated that compared to the control group, the model group showed upregulation of GRP78, CHOP, GSDMD, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 expression. In contrast, both the YSJTD and 4-PBA groups showed downregulation of these markers compared to the model group. These findings suggest that YSJTD exerts a protective effect against DN by alleviating NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the inhibition of ERS, thereby improving the inflammatory response in db/db DN mice.
Animals ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects* ; Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Mice ; Inflammasomes/drug effects* ; Male ; Kidney/pathology* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Humans ; Interleukin-18/genetics* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Patients with SCI in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2023 were collected. According to the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites, the patients were divided into the lumbar spine group and the hip joint group. According to the BMD value, the patients were divided into the normal bone mass group (t > -1.0 standard deviation) and the osteopenia group (t ≤ -1.0 standard deviation). The influencing factors accumulated as follows: gender, age, height, weight, cause of injury, injury segment, injury degree, time after injury, start time of rehabilitation, motor score, sensory score, spasticity, serum value of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus. The trend chart was drawn and the influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the BMD values of the lumbar spine and bilateral hips. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of osteoporosis after SCI. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The incidence of bone loss in patients with SCI was 66.3%. There was a low concordance between bone loss in the lumbar spine and the hip, and the hip was particularly susceptible to bone loss after SCI, with an upward trend in incidence (36% - 82%). In this study, patients with SCI were divided into the lumbar spine group (n = 100) and the hip group (n = 185) according to the BMD values of different sites. Then, the lumbar spine group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 53) and the osteopenia group (n = 47); the hip joint group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 83) and the osteopenia group (n = 102). Of these, lumbar bone loss after SCI is correlated with gender and weight (p = 0.032 and < 0.001, respectively), and hip bone loss is correlated with gender, height, weight, and time since injury (p < 0.001, p = 0.015, 0.009, and 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of bone loss after SCI was high, especially in the hip. The incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in the lumbar spine and hip were different. Patients with SCI who are male, low height, lightweight, and long time after injury were more likely to have bone loss.
Humans ; Spinal Cord Injuries/complications* ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Incidence ; Adult ; Bone Density ; Middle Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Osteoporosis/etiology* ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology* ; Aged ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influencing factors of pathological positive surgical margins (PSM) after radical resection of prostate cancer. METHODS: The clinical data of 407 patients who underwent radical resection of prostate cancer in our hospital from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. And the patients were divided into two groups according to postoperative pathological results. Single factor analysis was used to evaluate the differences in postoperative Gleason score, preoperative total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), preoperative serum free prostate-specific antigen to preoperative tPSA ratio (fPSA/ tPSA), clinical stage, postoperative pathological stage, operation method, age, body mass index (BMI), diameter and volume of prostate tumor. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factor of PSM. RESULTS: Among 407 patients with prostate cancer, 179 cases (43.98%) were positive. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in postoperative Gleason score, preoperative tPSA, clinical stage and postoperative pathological stage between the two groups (P<0.05). And Gleason score, preoperative tPSA and pathologic stage were independent risk factors for PSM. CONCLUSION There are relationships between PSM and postoperative Gleason score, tPSA, clinical T stage, postoperative pathologic pT stage. Among them, postoperative Gleason score (Gleason=7 points, Gleason≥8 points), preoperative total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA > 20 μg/L), and postoperative pathologic pT stage (pT3a, pT3b) were independent risk factors for positive pathological margins of prostate cancer.
Margins of Excision ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Prostatectomy/statistics & numerical data* ; Prostate/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Neoplasm Grading/statistics & numerical data* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood* ; Neoplasm Staging/statistics & numerical data* ; Postoperative Period ; Risk Factors ; Humans ; Male

Hearing loss is the most prevalent disabling disease. Cochlear implantation（CI） serves as the primary intervention for severe to profound hearing loss. This consensus systematically explores the value of genetic diagnosis in the pre-operative assessment and efficacy prognosis for CI. Drawing upon domestic and international research and clinical experience, it proposes an evidence-based medicine three-tiered prognostic classification system（Favorable, Marginal, Poor）. The consensus focuses on common hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss（such as that caused by mutations in genes like GJB2, SLC26A4, OTOF, LOXHD1） and syndromic hereditary hearing loss（such as Jervell & Lange-Nielsen syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome）, which are closely associated with congenital hearing loss, analyzing the impact of their pathological mechanisms on CI outcomes. The consensus provides recommendations based on multiple round of expert discussion and voting. It emphasizes that genetic diagnosis can optimize patient selection, predict prognosis, guide post-operative rehabilitation, offer stratified management strategies for patients with different genotypes, and advance the application of precision medicine in the field of CI.
Humans ; Cochlear Implantation ; Prognosis ; Hearing Loss/surgery* ; Consensus ; Connexin 26 ; Mutation ; Sulfate Transporters ; Connexins/genetics*

Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with carotid stenosis. Methods The clinical data of patients with coronary heart disease and carotid stenosis treated in Fuwai Hospital from November 2019 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence and risk factors of severe complications such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and death during the perioperative period and follow-up were analyzed. Results A total of 58 patients were enrolled, including 47 males and 11 females with an average age of 52-77 (64.2±5.6) years. No complications occurred before coronary artery bypass grafting. There was 1 myocardial infarction, 1 cerebral infarction and 1 death after the coronary artery bypass grafting. The early complication rate was 5.2%. During the follow-up of 18.3 months, 1 cerebral infarction and 2 deaths occurred, and the overall complication rate was 10.3%. According to Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis, patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (log-rank, P=0.037) and placement of close-cell (log-rank, P=0.030) had a higher risk of postoperative ischemic cerebrovascular event, and patients with previous cerebral infarction had a higher risk of postoperative severe complications (log-rank, P=0.044). Conclusion Staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting is safe and feasible for the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with carotid stenosis.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and influence of co-mutated gene on acute myeloid leukemia patients(AML)with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3(FLT3)mutations.Methods:A total of 273 FLT3+AML patients were enrolled,and the co-mutation gene data of the patients were collected to further analyze the prognosis of the patients.FLT3 and other common mutations were quantified by PCR amplification products direct sequencing and second-generation sequencing(NGS).Results:When patients were divided into FLT3 ITD+,FLT3 TKD+,FLT3 ITD++TKD+and FLT3 ITD-+TKD-group according to the type of FLT3 mutations,it was found that the frequencies of TET2,GATA2,NRAS and ASXL1 mutation were significantly different among the 4 groups(all P＜0.05).When patients were divided into allelic ratio(AR)≥0.5 and＜0.5 group,it was found that the frequencies of FLT3 ITD+,FLT3 ITD-+TKD-,NPM1,NRAS and C-kit were significantly different between the two groups(all P＜0.05).When patients were divided into normal and abnormal karyotype group,it was found that the frequencies of FLT3 ITD+,FLT3 TKD+,NPM1,GATA2 and C-kit were significantly different between the two groups(all P＜0.05).The median overall survival(OS)of AML patients with FLT3 TKD+(including FLT3 ITD++TKD+)was longer than that of patients with FLT3 ITD+alone(P＜0.05).The OS and relapse-free survival(RFS)of AML patients with FLT3++TET2+were both shorter than those of patients with FLT3++TET2-(both P＜0.05).Conclusion:The mutation frequencies of co-mutated genes are correlated with subtypes of FLT3,karyotype and AR.AML patients with FLT3 TKD+have longer OS than patients with FLT3 ITD+alone,and patients with co-mutation of TET2 have shorter median OS and RFS.

Objective To investigate the knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP)of medical staff and parents of children on the risk of using traditional Chinese patent medicine,analyze the similarities and differences between the two groups of people in their knowledge of traditional Chinese patent medicine,medication attitudes and medication behaviors,and analyze the influencing factors of traditional Chinese patent medicine medication risk from the perspective of"doctor-patient",so as to better guide clinical work.Methods From July to November 2023,the medical staff of Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics(hereinafter referred to as"our hospital")and other hospitals,as well as the parents of children who had visited our hospital and taken traditional Chinese patent medicine were taken as the subjects of the survey.The questionnaires were distributed and collected by Questionnarie Stars to analyze the KAP scores of medical staff and parents of children on the risk of children using traditional Chinese patent medicine,and the factors influencing the scores of KAP of taking traditional Chinese patent medicine were analyzed using Logistic regression analysis.And Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation among knowledge,attitude and practice.Results A total of 339 valid questionnaires(the effective recovery rate of 98.83%)were collected from the medical staff version of the questionnaire.The medical staff with excellent knowledge,attitude and practice scores accounted for 16.22%,7.08%and 83.19%,respectively.A total of 336 valid questionnaires(the effective recovery rate of 98.82%)were collected from the parents'version.The parents of the children with excellent knowledge,attitude and practice scores accounted for 25.87%,3.57%and 30.65%,respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that different hospital locations and educational levels were important influencing factors for the KAP of medical personnel,while the age,education level,work status,occupation,and monthly income of parents were important influencing factors for their KAP(P<0.05).The Spearman correlation analysis results showed a significant positive correlation among medication knowledge,attitude,and behavior(P<0.01).Conclusion Medical staff and parents of children need to further improve their knowledge and attitude towards the use of traditional Chinese patent medicine.Parents need to pay special attention to standardizing drug use practice,so as to reduce the risk of children using traditional Chinese patent medicine.Physicians and pharmacists can carry out appropriate traditional Chinese patent medicine knowledge popularization and science popularization for parents of children combined with the results of this study.