Urease decomposes urea to ammonia, and has application potential in agriculture and medical treatment. Urease proteins include structural proteins (UreA, UreB and UreC) and accessory proteins (UreD/UreH, UreE, UreF and UreG), each of them has its own unique role in urease maturation. The structural proteins form the active center of urease, and the accessory proteins are responsible for the delivery of nickel. We review here the structure and function of bacterial urease complexes, and how each protein interacts to complete the activation process. We hope to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of urease activity and the development of urease inhibitors.
Bacterial Proteins ; Nickel ; Urease ; metabolism

No abstract available.
Leprosy*

Objective To study the prevalence of tick bites and relative factors of outpatients with fever from health care fa?cilities in Tengchong County. Methods From July to August,2014,the outpatients with fever in five health care facilities namely Tengchong Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Hehua Health Center,Jietou Health Center,Qushi Health Cen?ter and Xinhua Health Center were investigated by questionnaires. The factors related to tick bites were explored with the univari?ate analysis and multiple regression models. Results Totally 884 effect questionnaires were acquired. Among the 884 partici?pants,85(9.6%)had experienced tick bites. The frequency of tick bites was associated with locations,gender,age group,own?ership of cattle,working at foreign country,firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest(all P<0.05). The multiple regression revealed that the male and people raising cattle,working at foreign country,engaging in firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest had a more risk for tick bites. Conclusions Tick bites are common in the residents of Tengchong County. The risk of be?ing bitten varies in different populations. The local health departments should promote health education in the high?risk popula?tion to reduce the risk of infecting tick?borne diseases.

Objective To analyze the malaria epidemiological characteristics in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015,so as to provide the evidence for adjusting and formulating measures in the elimination stage. Methods The malaria data were collected and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015. Results There were 1 408 malaria cases re?ported in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015,including 1 091 cases of Plasmodium vivax infection,256 cases of P. falciparum infection,5 cases of P. malariae infection,1 case of P. ovale infection,1 case of mixed infections,and 54 unclassified cases. Totally 1 390 imported cases were recorded and 98.06%of them(1 363/1 390)were imported from Myanmar. Most of the pa?tients(n=908)were aged from 21 to 40 years,and the male to female ratio was 11.03∶1. The highest?risk populations were farmers and migrant workers. The most cases were observed in April and June,and at that time,most of the floating workers re?turned. Conclusion Imported malaria is severe in Tengchong City,and there is a great challenge to malaria elimination.

A brief introduction to the development milestones of postgraduate medical education in the world, highlighting the present details of such systems in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and some Asian countries.It is held that common patterns can be identified despite the gaps found in such systems of these countries.In view of the training management system cornmonalities of thecountries,the authors proposed the development directions of residency training in China to enhance thehands-on capability and competence of clinical doctors in a standardized manner.

Objective To study the influence of climate, geographical environment and harvesting time on contents of schaftoside in Desmodium styracifolium Herba. Methods Content of schaftoside in Desmodium styracifolium Herba was determined by using HPLC. ODS-C18 column (4. 6 mmí250 mm,5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was methanol-water (3268), the detection wavelength was 272 nm, the flow rate was 0. 5 mL·min-1, and the column temperature was 35℃. Results The climate type, amount of precipitation, average temperature, duration of sunshine, geographical environment of different province had significant impacts on the content of schaftoside in Desmodium styracifolium Herba. Conclusion Subtropical monsoon climate, temperature from 25 ℃ to 32 ℃, sunshine time of 10 h per day and the average annual rainfall of 1 942 mm are suitable for growth of Desmodium styracifolium. The content of schaftoside in samples cultivated from Guangxi Province is higher than that cultivated from Guangdong Province and Hainan Province. The schaftoside content of sample cultivated in July is higher than that cultivated in other months.

Objective To investigate the influence of vertebral artery (VA) dominance in basilar artery (BA) curvature and pontine or cerebellar infarction occurring around the vertebrobasilar junction.Methods Radiological data (infarction laterality,VA dominance,BA curvature and their directional relationships)were analyzed in 86 patients with acute unilateral pontine or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territory infarction.Multiple Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the moderate to severe BA curvature.Results The dominant VA frequently happened on the left side (69.8％,60/86).The BA curvature frequently happened to be right lateral flexion (74.4％,64/86).In 86 patients,71 patients had negative direction relationship between VA dominance and BA curvature.The diameter grade of VA had significant relationship with hypertension,moderate and severe BA curvature and right diameter of VA (P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01).The diameter of VA was the only independent predictor for moderate and severe BA curvature (OR =2.81,95％ CI:1.33-6.09).Conclusions VA dominance is an important predictive factor of BA curvature,and BA curvature is usually opposite to the side of VA dominance.VA dominance and BA curvature caused by VA dominance increase the incidence of vertebrobasilar junctional infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of serum leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) before and after surgery. METHOD: The cases were divided into effective (n=44) and non-effective (n=13) groups according to PSG. The effective cases were divided into decreased (> or = 5%, n=25) and non-decreased(<5%, n=19) BMI. The level of serum leptin was detected by radioimmunoassay. RESULT: The level of serum leptin after treatment (9.1 +/- 2.6 microg/L) was as high as before treatment (9.3 +/- 2.3 microg/L) in 13 non-effective cases. The level of serum leptin after treatment (7.15 +/- 1.23 microg/L) was significantly decreased than before treatment (12.79 +/- 2.98 microg/L) in 25 cases of decreased BMI (> or = 5%). The level of serum leptin after treatment (7.15 +/- 1.23 microg/L) was significantly decreased than before treatment (12.79 +/- 2.98 microg/L) in 19 cases of non-decreased BMI (<5%). Leptin level of all cases showed a positive correlation with AHI (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The level of serum leptin in patients with OSAHS are increased. The serum leptin level of effective patients with OSAHS after treatment was significantly decreased. The level of serum leptin reflects the degree of AHI in patients with OSAHS.
Adult ; Aged ; Humans ; Intraoperative Period ; Leptin ; blood ; Middle Aged ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; blood ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of the medical and surgical treatment of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHOD: Seventy-two cases of pediatric CRS were randomly divided into medical group (35 cases) and surgical group (37 cases). The patients in medical group received a 12-week course of clarithromycin, alkaline nasal douche and intranasal mometasone furoate. The patients in surgical group underwent adenoidectomy or (and) tonsillectomy or ESS. All patients underwent pre- and post-treatment assessments of visual analogue score (VAS) and nasal endoscopy. The assessments of CT were arranged before starting the treatment and post-treatment in 12-month. RESULT: Both groups of pediatric CRS significantly improved in VAS and endoscopic parameters of CRS in all stages. There were no significant difference between two groups in 1-month (P > 0.05). The surgical group demonstrated greater change than medical group in 3-month, 6-month and 12-month (P < 0.01). In surgical group, 37 cases underwent three different styles of operation: adenoidectomy (n = 19), adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy (n = 10) and ESS (n = 8). VAS and endoscopic parameters were not significantly different among three groups in all stages except in 1-month. CONCLUSION The results of this study warrant further that both medical and surgical treatment of pediatric CRS significantly improve in VAS and endoscopic parameters of CRS. The mainstay of management is medical treatment. Long-term, low-dose macrolide is an effective therapy and a valid alternative in pediatric CRS. Surgical intervention is necessary for cases that do not respond to prolonged course medical treatment. Adenoidectomy or (and) tonsillectomy seems to be a recommended surgical procedure for children with adenoid or (and) tonsil hypertrophy.
Adenoidectomy ; Adolescent ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Clarithromycin ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mometasone Furoate ; Pregnadienediols ; therapeutic use ; Sinusitis ; drug therapy ; surgery ; Tonsillectomy ; Treatment Outcome

The objective of this study was to examine the inpatient bed (IB) allocation equity and utilization in Chinese city community health service centers (CHSCs). The data were derived from the Baseline Survey of National City Community Health Service System Building Project, which was conducted in 1917 CHSCs in 28 cities in 2007. The IB allocation was analyzed in terms of IB allocation quantity and distribution equity, and the IB utilization was analyzed by the IB utilization rate and average length of stay of the CHSC inpatients. The results showed that 49.3% of the CHSCs were equipped with IB; averagely, there were 45 IBs per CHSC, 0.94 IBs per 1000 people, and 0.38 nurses and 0.57 doctors per IB; the IB Gini coefficient was 0.32; the IB utilization rate was 40.06%; and the average length of stay of inpatients was 12.24 days. The conclusions were that IB allocation among the population was equitable, but the number of nurse per IB was not up to the national standard; and the CHSC IB utilization was low as a whole, thus inpatient service was not the main health service for Chinese CHSCs.