Myopia has become a significant eye health problem, which is thought to result from the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on two types of hereditary retinal diseases caused by mutations in photoreceptor genes, including rod-cone cell dystrophy(retinitis pigmentosa)and cone dysfunction syndromes(achromatopsia, blue cone monochromatism and Bornholm eye disease). It systematically explores the intrinsic connection between these diseases and the myopia phenotype, and elaborates on the core mechanisms by which pathogenic genes such as RPGR and OPN1LW/OPN1MW, which cause defects in ciliary structure and protein transport and interfere with the visual signal pathway, jointly induce choroidal thinning and scleral remodeling, ultimately driving the elongation of axial length and the occurrence of myopia. By tracing the association of photoreceptor gene mutations with myopia, this article provides a new perspective for in-depth understanding of the genetic mechanism of myopia and is of great significance for the development of early risk warning and targeted intervention strategies.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide， and tumor metastasis is a key factor contributing to the mortality of most lung cancer patients. Aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） is a major driver of lung cancer progression and metastasis. EMT is characterized by the loss of apical-basal polarity and intercellular adhesion in highly differentiated， polarized， and organized epithelial cells， which acquire motility， migratory potential， and invasive properties. During this process， cells undergo cytoskeletal remodeling and transform into a mesenchymal phenotype， accompanied by associated changes in cellular markers. The EMT process is highly complex and is tightly regulated by intricate networks involving multiple transcription factors， post-translational controls， epigenetic modifications， and non-coding RNAs. Therefore， therapies targeting the mechanisms of malignant transformation and their associated pathways in lung cancer are of significant clinical importance. In recent years， EMT has attracted increasing attention as a potential target for cancer therapy. Chinese medicine， with its characteristics of multi-target action， low side effects， and good therapeutic efficacy， has demonstrated an important role in anticancer treatment. A series of studies have investigated the role of Chinese medicine in inhibiting EMT in lung cancer. Active ingredients of Chinese medicine， including flavonoids， glycosides， phenols， terpenoids， saccharides， and alkaloids， as well as Chinese medicine compound formulas， have shown significant regulatory effects on EMT. Their mechanisms mainly involve multiple pathways， targets， and links， including signaling pathways， exosomes， microRNAs （miRNAs）， and the tumor-associated immune microenvironment. This article summarizes the mechanisms by which EMT promotes malignant tumor progression and reviews the current research on how Chinese medicine active ingredients， monomers， and compound formulas inhibit EMT and suppress lung cancer cell migration and invasion. This study is expected to provide comprehensive theoretical information for basic and translational research on lung cancer.

Objective To construct a key technical indicator system for in-hospital treatment and nursing of patients with nuclear radiation injury, and provide a basis for the implementation of such treatment and nursing. Methods The draft of the key technical indicator system for in-hospital treatment and nursing of patients with nuclear radiation injury was determined by literature review, case study, and field investigation. The indicators of the system were determined through two rounds of Delphi consultation and using the precedence chart method. According to the criteria of indicator evaluation, the reliability of expert opinions, and the opinions of the research group, the indicators were refined and evaluated. Results Twenty experts were included for two rounds of consultation via mailed inquiries, with a 100% effective response rate in both rounds. The expert authority coefficients were both 0.945, and the Kendall’s W values were 0.347 and 0.448, respectively (P < 0.05). Following the expert consultations, 1 indicator was deleted, 12 indicators were added, and 6 indicators were modified. The key technical indicator system for in-hospital treatment and nursing of patients with nuclear radiation injury established in this study included 4 first-level indicators, 17 second-level indicators, and 73 third-level indicators. The means of importance assignment for all indicators were > 4.00, and the coefficients of variation were < 0.25. Conclusion The key technical indicator system for in-hospital treatment and nursing of patients with nuclear radiation injury established in this study is scientifically rigorous and practically grounded. The indicators demonstrate strong professional relevance and provide important guidance for in-hospital treatment and nursing of patients with nuclear radiation injury.

OBJECTIVE To explore whether pachymic acid （Pac） regulates mitochondrial autophagy mediated by the PTEN- induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase （Parkin） signaling pathway to alleviate myocardial injury in coronary heart disease （CHD） rats. METHODS SD rats were divided into control （Con） group， CHD group， Pac low-dose group （Pac-L group）， Pac high-dose group （Pac-H group）， Pac-H+PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway inhibitor group （Pac-H+3-MA group）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the Con group， CHD models were established in the remaining groups of rats. After successful modeling， the rats in each group were intraperitoneally injected with the corresponding drugs or normal saline. After continuous intervention for 4 weeks， the left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， left ventricular end-diastolic volume （LVEDV）， left ventricular end-systolic volume （LVESV）， and mean arterial pressure （MAP） of the rats were detected. The levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， cardiac troponin I （cTnI）， and cardiac troponin T （cTnT） in the serum， as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， IL-1β， reactive oxygen species （ROS）， malondialdehyde （MDA） in the myocardial tissue， and the activities of catalase （CAT） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）， as well as the expression levels of p62， cleaved caspase-3， Parkin， PINK1 proteins and the ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ （LC3Ⅱ）/LC3Ⅰ ratio were measured. The morphology of myocardial tissue and mitochondrial autophagic vesicles were observed， and the number of mitochondrial autophagic vesicles per unit area and the rate of cardiomyocyte apoptosis were counted. RESULTS Compared with CHD group， LVEF， MAP， IL-10 levels， CAT and SOD activities， p62， Parkin， PINK1 protein expressions， LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio， the numbers of mitochondrial autophagic vesicles per unit area in the Pac-L and Pac-H E-mail：hzdpft@163.com groups were increased significantly （P＜0.05）； the levels of LVEDV， LVESV， CK-MB， LDH， cTnI， cTnT， TNF-α， IL-1β， ROS and MDA， cell apoptosis rates， and protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； and the changes in various indicators were more pronounced in the Pac-H group （P＜0.05）； both groups showed varying degree of improvement in myocardial histopathological morphology. Compared with the Pac-H group， the aforementioned indicators in rats from the Pac-H+3-MA group were all significantly reversed （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Pac may promote mitochondrial autophagy in cardiomyocytes of CHD rats by activating the PINK1/ Parkin signaling pathway， thereby reducing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress and improving myocardial injury.

The plant F-box protein more axillary growth 2 (MAX2) is a key factor in the signal transduction of strigolactones (SLs) and karrinkins (KARs). As the main component of the SKP1-CUL1-FBX (SCF) complex ubiquitin ligase E3, MAX2 is responsible for specifically recognizing the target proteins, suppressor of MAX2 1/SMAX1-like proteins (SMAX1/SMXLs), which would be degraded after ubiquitination. It can thereby regulate plant morphogenesis and stress responses. There exist homologous genes of MAX2 in the important grain and oil crop soybean (Glycine max). However, its role in plant defense responses has not been investigated yet. Here, GmMAX2b, a homologous gene of MAX2, was successfully cloned from stressed soybean. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that there were two MAX2 homologous genes, GmMAX2a and GmMAX2b, with a similarity of 96.2% in soybean. Their F-box regions were highly conserved. The sequence alignment and cluster analysis of plant MAX2 homologous proteins basically reflected the evolutionary relationship of plants and also suggested that soybean MAX2 might be a multifunctional protein. Expression analysis showed that plant pathogen infection and salicylic acid treatment induced the expression of GmMAX2b in soybean, which is consistent with that of MAX2 in Arabidopsis. Ectopic expression of GmMAX2b compensated for the susceptibility of Arabidopsis max2-2 mutant to pathogen, indicating that GmMAX2b positively regulated plant disease resistance. In addition, yeast two hybrid technology was used to explore the potential target proteins of GmMAX2b. The results showed that GmMAX2b interacted with SMXL6 and weakly interacted with SMXL2. In summary, GmMAX2b is a positive regulator in plant defense responses, and its expression is induced by pathogen infection and salicylic acid treatment. GmMAX2b might exert its effect through interaction with SMXL6 and SMXL2. This study expands the theoretical exploration of soybean disease resistant F-box and provides a scientific basis for future soybean disease resistant breeding.
Glycine max/metabolism* ; Disease Resistance/genetics* ; Plant Diseases/immunology* ; Plant Proteins/genetics* ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; F-Box Proteins/genetics* ; Arabidopsis/genetics* ; Phylogeny

Objectives:To explore the morphological changes of the superficial and deep thoraolumbar paraspinal muscles on both convex and concave sides during rest and contraction states in patients with mod-erate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS),and their effects on scoliosis angle,to analyze the relations between scoliosis angle and the morphological changes of paraspinal muscles.Methods:21 AIS patients(thoracic Cobb angle 20°-45°,S-shaped with the main curve in thoracic segment,4 males and 17 females,aged 13.9±1.6 years old)treated in our hospital from July 2020 to December 2023 and 21 healthy subjects(7 males and 14 females,aged 14.6±1.4 years old)were prospectively enrolled.The morphological data of thoracolumbar paraspinal muscles were collected with musculoskeletal ultrasound,including the resting thickness and thick-ness during maximum voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC)of superficial erector spinae(ES)and multifidus(MF)muscles of AIS patients on both convex and concave sides(left and right sides of healthy controls).The differences in resting thickness,contraction thickness,change rate of contraction thickness,and total resting thickness and total contraction thickness(ES+MF)of superficial and deep thoracolumbar paravertebral muscles between the two groups were analyzed,and the structural characteristics of the thoracolumbar paravertebral muscles on the convex and concave sides of AIS were analyzed.The correlation between Cobb angle in tho-racolumbar segment and morphological indexes(resting thickness,contraction thickness change rates)of ES and MF muscles was analyzed,and the influence of scoliosis severity on the morphology of superficial and deep paravertebral muscle was further analyzed.Results:In AIS patients,the mean thoracic Cobb angle were 31.62°±7.68°,and mean lumbar Cobb angle were 19.52°±6.48°.Comparing with healthy controls,patients with AIS were significantly different in resting thickness,contraction thickness and thickness change rates of tho-racic paraspinal muscles on both convex and concave sides,and the resting thickness of ES in thoracic seg-ment on concave side was less than that on the convex side,which of MF was less on the convex side than on the concave side(P＜0.01).The contraction thickness of thoracic MF muscles on the convex and concave sides in S-type AIS patients was smaller than that in healthy controls(P＜0.05),while the contraction thickness of thoracic ES muscles on the convex and concave side wasn't statistically different from that of healthy con-trols,and the contraction thickness change rate of ES muscles on the convex and MF on the concave side of thoracic segment in AIS patients was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the total resting thickness of thoracic(convex and concave)paravertebral muscles(ES+MF)between AIS patients and the corresponding segments(left and right)of control group(P＞0.05),and there was no statistically signifi-cant difference in the total resting thickness of thoracic paravertebral muscle between the convex and concave sides of AIS patients(P＞0.05).The total contraction thickness of thoracic paravertebral muscle(ES+MF)in AIS patients was lower than that in control group(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the resting thickness,contraction thickness and thickness change rate of lumbar MF muscle on the convex and concave sides in AIS patients were significantly reduced(P＜0.05),and the contraction thickness change rate of the lumbar ES muscle on the concave side was less than that of the control group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differ-ences in resting thickness and contraction thickness between the convex and concave paravertebral muscles in AIS patients(P＞0.05).The total resting thickness(ES+MF)and total contraction thickness(ES+MF)of lumbar(convex and concave)paraspinal muscles in AIS patients were lower than those in control group(P＜0.05).There was a significant negative correlation between the Cobb angle of the main thoracic curve and the rest-ing thickness of the thoracic MF muscle on the concave and the change rate of the contraction thickness of the thoracic ES muscle on the convex in S-type AIS patients(r=-0.53/-0.45,P＜0.05).There was no signifi-cant correlation between the Cobb angle of lumbar segment and the change rates of the resting thickness and contraction thickness of ES and MF muscles on both convex and concave sides(P＞0.05).Conclusions:In pa-tients with moderate S-type AIS,there are different muscle morphological changes in the paraspinal muscles on both convex and concave sides of the main thoracic curve,and the concave paravertebral muscle is more affected by scoliosis;The contraction function of the bilateral deep core stabilizing muscles in the lumbar re-gion is markedly decreased.Different patterns of superficial and deep muscle atrophy and contractility decline may be a key cause of spinal movement disorder and scoliosis progression in AIS patients.

BACKGROUND:The energy metabolism and polarization state of macrophages play a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has shown significant therapeutic potential for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage metabolic pathways.OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress in AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of macrophage energy metabolism and polarization and explore the mechanism of TCM in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.METHODS:A computerized search was conducted on the databases including Web of Science,PubMed,and CNKI,covering relevant literature up to June 2024.The search terms were"AMPK,fatty acid oxidation,macrophage polarization,Traditional Chinese Medicine,atherosclerosis,coronary heart disease"in Chinese and English.A total of 62 articles were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The shiftin macrophage energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis plays a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis.The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in macrophages promotes fatty acid oxidation and M2 polarization,exerting anti-inflammatory effects and stabilizing arterial plaques.TCM monomers(such as ginseng,astragalus,and polygonatum)and compounds(such as Huanglian Jiedu Decoction,Yangxin Shumai Granules,and Tiaogan Daozhuo Formula)influence macrophage metabolism and cellular function by regulating the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway and intervening in multiple signaling pathways,such as nuclear factor-κB,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,and mammalian target of rapamycin,thereby achieving therapeutic effects.Future research should focus on the interactions between AMP-activated protein kinase,metabolism,and polarization pathways,as well as how TCM exerts its therapeutic effects through these pathways,providing new strategies for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND:Matrigel is the best material for the culture of tumor organoids,but matrigel alone is not enough to simulate the mechanical environment of tumor growth in vitro.Although the introduction of sodium alginate material can improve the stiffness of the hydrogel based on matrigel,its mechanical properties of hydrogel are difficult to maintain stability in long-term culture.OBJECTIVE:To introduce a small amount of calcium ions into the medium of breast cancer organoids and to observe its maintenance effect on the long-term mechanical properties of the matrigel-sodium alginate hydrogel.METHODS:(1)Sodium alginate composite hydrogels with low,medium,and high stiffness were prepared by introducing different mass concentrations(0,2.5,and 5 mg/mL)of sodium alginate into the constant mass concentration(5 mg/mL)of matrigel.The mechanical properties of hydrogels were measured regularly by rheometer.(2)Human triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 were resuspended in hydrogel pre-gels with different stiffness.After gelling,breast cancer organoid factor medium containing(or without)calcium ions was added for breast cancer organoid culture.At a set time point,rheometer was used to regularly measure the effect of calcium ion introduction on the mechanical properties of hydrogel.The morphologic changes of breast cancer organoids were observed under optical microscope.Rate of breast cancer organoids forming into pellets was calculated on day 13.After 7 days of breast cancer organoid culture,different concentrations of the chemotherapy drug docetaxel(0.1,1,10,and 100 nmol/L)were added for intervention for 6 days.Cell viability was detected and the semi-inhibitory concentration of docetaxel,IC50,was calculated.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The introduction of sodium alginate effectively improved the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel.(2)With the extension of breast cancer organoid culture time,the mechanical strength of hydrogels decreased.On day 13 of culture,the mechanical properties of medium and high stiffness hydrogels in the culture environment containing calcium ions were significantly higher than those in the culture environment without calcium ions(P<0.05).There was no significant change in the mechanical properties of low stiffness hydrogels in the two cultures(P>0.05).In long-term culture(13 days),breast cancer organoids changed from round to spindle shape with the decrease of hydrogel mechanical properties in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups.After the introduction of calcium ions,the morphology of breast cancer organoids did not change with the extension of culture time in the two groups.The introduction of calcium ions in the culture environment had no effect on the pellet formation rate of breast cancer organoids in the low stiffness hydrogel group,but could improve the pellet formation rate of breast cancer organoids in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups.(3)In the culture environment without calcium ions,the cell viability of breast cancer organoids decreased with the increase of docetaxel concentration,and there was no significant difference in IC50 among the three hydrogel groups(P>0.05).In the culture environment containing calcium ions,the cell viability of breast cancer organoids decreased with the increase of docetaxel concentration.The cell viability of breast cancer organoids in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups was stronger than that in the low stiffness hydrogel group,and the IC50 was higher than that in the low stiffness hydrogel group(P<0.05).(4)The results showed that the mechanical properties of the matrigel-sodium alginate hydrogel could be maintained by introducing calcium ions into the breast cancer organoid culture system.

AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of pachymic acid(PA)on li-popolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute kidney injury(AKI)in mice.METHODS:(1)Genes related to AKI were screened using the DAVID database.Core genes were identified by intersecting related genes and analyzed using Cyto-scape software.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analyses were performed through the DAVID database for the cross-targets.Molecular docking and activity assays were conducted on the primary core targets.(2)A total of 100 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups:normal control(NC),model(LPS),solvent control(LPS+DMSO),and treatment groups(LPS+PA-10 and LPS+PA-20),with 20 mice in each group.The LPS-AKI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 18 mg/kg LPS.The treatment groups received 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg PA,respectively,and the solvent control group was administered an equivalent dose of DMSO.Mice were euthanized 24 h after injection.Serum was collected for biochemical analysis,and Western blot was used to detect neutro-phil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL),kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1),caspase-3,cleaved caspase-3,interleu-kin-1β(IL-1β),and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)protein expression.RT-qPCR was employed to detect inflammatory factor mRNA levels.Molecular docking was used to simulate the optimal binding site of PA to caspase-3.En-zyme activity assays were performed to assess caspase protein activity,and renal lesions were observed via hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining.RESULTS:(1)Thirty-one potential targets of PA against AKI were identified through network pharmacology.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that these tar-gets were primarily involved in immune response,inflammatory processes,apoptosis and survival,angiogenesis and hemo-dynamics,oxidative stress,and endoplasmic reticulum stress.Key targets included CASP3(caspase-3),PTGS2,BCL2,CCL2,and CYP219.(2)PA treatment improved renal function and reduced tubular epithelial injury.It significantly de-creased NGAL,KIM-1,and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels,as well as inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression.PA also reduced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.Enzyme activity assays and mo-lecular docking revealed that PA exerted its anti-apoptotic effect by directly binding to caspase-3,thereby inhibiting its ac-tivation by caspase-8.CONCLUSION:PA demonstrated a therapeutic effect in LPS-AKI,potentially through the inhibi-tion of inflammatory factor synthesis and release,as well as the inhibition of caspase-3 activation by caspase-8,reducing apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Objective:To investigate the current status of clinical practice of optical surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT) technology in China.Methods:A survey questionnaire was designed based on a similar investigation conducted by the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology in collaboration with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine on SGRT. The questionnaire covered aspects such as the installation, implementation, commissioning, quality assurance, clinical application, challenges, and cost considerations of SGRT systems. An online questionnaire was distributed to 49 institutions in China that have installed or are in the process of installing SGRT systems. Data were summarized and analyzed using Excel and SPSS 29 software.Results:Among the 49 institutions, 96% had at least one SGRT system. In terms of commissioning, quality assurance and implementation, it was mainly operated by physicists (94%) and technicians (82%), the cycle of test items for quality assurance was only achieved by the highest percentage of units with end-to-end test items for the annual inspection (50%). Eighty-six percent of the institutions used phantoms provided by suppliers, and 53% followed supplier recommendations or guidelines. For the installation of the first SGRT system, 37% of the institutions reported that initial staff training required more than 48 hours, while 73% found the training content easy to understand. Regarding the clinical application of SGRT technology, the majority of the institutions (53%) had used it for 1-3 years, with breast radiotherapy being the most commonly used treatment site. The primary scenario of SGRT application was intra-fraction motion monitoring / patient monitoring (69%). Furthermore, 47% of the institutions combined SGRT with open-face masks, and 71% used visual feedback devices for breath-hold or free-breathing gating. In terms of treatment thresholds, the median thresholds for monitoring and positioning were the same for breast, abdominopelvic (non- stereotactic body radiation therapy), and head-and-neck (non-brain stereotactic radiosurgery) treatments but varied for other sites.Conclusions:Although SGRT technology requires a relatively long initial training period, it is generally well accepted in terms of training and operation. Clinically, SGRT has been widely applied in breast radiotherapy, playing a crucial role in patient monitoring and intra-fraction motion management. However, most institutions have had limited clinical experience with the technology, highlighting the need for continuous technical supervision and improvement. The establishment of standardized protocols is necessary to ensure broader clinical adoption and long-term effectiveness.