Myopia has become a significant eye health problem, which is thought to result from the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on two types of hereditary retinal diseases caused by mutations in photoreceptor genes, including rod-cone cell dystrophy(retinitis pigmentosa)and cone dysfunction syndromes(achromatopsia, blue cone monochromatism and Bornholm eye disease). It systematically explores the intrinsic connection between these diseases and the myopia phenotype, and elaborates on the core mechanisms by which pathogenic genes such as RPGR and OPN1LW/OPN1MW, which cause defects in ciliary structure and protein transport and interfere with the visual signal pathway, jointly induce choroidal thinning and scleral remodeling, ultimately driving the elongation of axial length and the occurrence of myopia. By tracing the association of photoreceptor gene mutations with myopia, this article provides a new perspective for in-depth understanding of the genetic mechanism of myopia and is of great significance for the development of early risk warning and targeted intervention strategies.

ObjectiveTo verify the association between the Ddit3-Trib3-Akt signaling pathway and rat spermatogenesis by constructing an in vitro co-culture system of testis. MethodsTesticular tissue blocks from 20-25-day-old male rats were placed in an in vitro culture system， and the culture medium was replaced every 2 to 3 days. PCR was used to verify the expression of marker genes of various spermatogenic cells. RNA interference technology was employed to verify the correlation between the Ddit3-Trib3-Akt signaling pathway and rat spermatogenesis. ResultsThe co-culture system could be continuously cultured for more than 2.5 months in vitro. RT-PCR showed that specific marker genes of spermatogonia， spermatocyte and spermoblast were expressed. The RNA and protein expression of Trib3 and Akt changed after the knocking down of Ddit3 and Trib3， respectively. It demonstrated the existence of Ddit3-Trib3-Akt signaling pathway in rat spermatogenesis. ConclusionThe culture time of more than 2.5 months indicates that the culture system can temporarily maintain the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells， and simultaneously maintain and stabilize spermatogenesis in a simple system. The successful validation of the Ddit3-Trib3-Akt signaling pathway also confirms that this culture system can be used to study possible molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis in vitro.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of constructing a programmed death receptor-1（PD-1） molecular probe for non-invasive micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography （Micro-PET/CT） imaging of PD-1 protein in mouse S180 sarcoma. MethodsA transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model was established using the S180 sarcoma cell injection. Furthermore， ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody probe was synthesized. 18.5 MBq of the ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 probe was injected into the tail vein of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice. Subsequently， S180 sarcoma was imaged using Micro-PET/CT. ResultsStudy successfully established a transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model. Immunohistochemical （IHC） results showed PD-1 protein expression in S180 sarcoma. Micro-PET/CT imaging successfully visualized the PD-1 protein receptor in S180 sarcoma at different time points （20， 48， 72， and 120 h） after probe injection. ConclusionThe ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody molecular probe successfully targets the PD-1 receptor in S180 sarcoma of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice， and presents clear Micro-PET/CT immunoassay results， thus it potentially enables the non-invasive screening of patients with PD-1 positive malignant tumors.

Triptolide （TP）， the core active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii ， exhibits remarkable pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory， immunosuppressive and anti-tumor effects， and holds broad application prospects in the treatment of major diseases such as autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. However， TP has a narrow therapeutic window and causes multi-organ toxicities including liver， kidney and reproductive toxicities， which severely restrict its safe clinical application and new drug development. Therefore， toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement has become a core scientific problem urgently to be solved in this field. This paper systematically reviews the four core strategies for TP toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement， including structural modification， dosage form improvement， herbal compatibility， and external therapies of traditional Chinese medicine. Among them， structural modification optimizes the toxic and efficacy characteristics of TP from the molecular structure level， with typica l derivatives including （5 R ）-5-hydroxy triptolide， ZT01， PG490-88， etc. Dosage form modification achieves toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement via targeted and sustained-controlled drug release of diverse delivery systems. It includes triptolide preparations such as nanoparticles， liposomes， microemulsion gels and liquid crystals， possessing favorable clinical transformation potential. The herbal compatibility and external therapies of traditional Chinese medicine conform to the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine and have a profound clinical application foundation， but their mechanisms of action are insufficiently elucidated， and they lack unified standardized specifications and high-quality evidence-based proof. In the future， we should rely on multi-omics technology to elucidate the toxic and efficacy mechanisms， integrate technologies to optimize preparations， improve the evaluation system and promote clinical transformation.

AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept in the treatment of macular edema secondary to non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion(RVO).METHODS: Single center retrospective study. ME patients secondary to non-ischemic RVO admitted to the hospital from January 2023 to March 2024 were selected, and were divided into central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)group and branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO)group according to the location of obstruction. All patients were treated with intravitreal injection of conbercept once a month for 3 mo. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), macular foveal thickness(CMT), superficial capillary density(SVD), deep capillary density(DVD), and foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area were recorded before and after treatment(with 3 injections per course)at 1, 3, and 6 mo.RESULTS:This study included a total of 120 ME secondary to non-ischemic RVO patients(128 eyes), who were divided into CRVO group(51 cases, 56 eyes, 31 males, 20 females, mean age 61.39±10.32 y)and BRVO group(69 cases, 72 eyes, 41 males, 28 females, mean age 61.48±10.41 y)based on the location of obstruction. There was no significant difference in general data between the two groups before treatment(both P>0.05). After 1, 3, and 6 mo of treatment, both groups showed improvement in BCVA, CMT, SVD, and DVD compared to before treatment(all P<0.05). BCVA in the BRVO group was better than that in the CRVO group at all time points after treatment(all P<0.05), while there was no difference in CMT, SVD, and DVD between the two groups(all P>0.05); There was no significant difference in FAZ area between the two groups before and after treatment(both P>0.05). Follow up for 6 mo showed no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups of patients(both P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in the recurrence rate(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The first intravitreal injection of conbercept is effective in treating macular edema caused by non-ischemic CRVO and BRVO, improving visual function, reducing macular edema, and repairing retinal structure and blood flow perfusion. Notably, the recovery of visual function and improvement of capillary density are more significant in BRVO patients.

Objective: To explore the causal association between dietary components (carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar) and 119 genera of known gut microbiota using Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for dietary components were collected from the DietGen, while GWAS data for gut microbiota were collected from the MiBioGen. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with the four dietary components were used as instrumental variables, and 119 known gut microbiota genera were used as the outcomes. MR analysis was performed using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test, horizontal pleiotropy and exclude outliers were tested using MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO test. Common genetic pleiotropic genes between dietary components and gut microbiota were identified by MAGMA and PLACO analyses. Results: The MR analysis revealed causal associations between carbohydrates and 4 gut microbiota genera, fats and 14 genera, proteins and 14 genera, and sugars and 11 genera (all P<0.05). The MR-Egger regression analysis showed no horizontal pleiotropy among the selected SNPs, and the MR-PRESSO test did not identify any outliers (all P>0.05). The MAGMA and PLACO analyses revealed that 74.42% (32/43) of the causal associations had pleiotropic genes, with 1 to 10 pleiotropic genes identified. Multiple causal association groups shared the same pleiotropic genes. Conclusion There are potential genetic and causal associations between dietary components and gut microbiota.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of Tongnaoyin on the blood-brain barrier status and neurological impairment in acute ischemic stroke （AIS） patients with the syndrome of phlegm-stasis blocking collaterals by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging （DCE-MRI）. MethodsA total of 63 patients diagnosed with AIS in the Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine from October 2022 to December 2023 were enrolled in this study. According to random number table method，the patients were assigned into a control group （32 cases） and an observation group （31 cases）. The control group received conventional Western medical treatment，and the observation group took 200 mL Tongnaoyin after meals，twice a day from day 2 of admission on the basis of the treatment in the control group. After 7 days of treatment，the patients were examined by DCE-MRI. The baseline data for two groups of patients before treatment were compared. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） score and modified Rankin Scale （mRS） score were recorded before treatment and after 90 days of treatment for both groups. The rKtrans，rKep，and rVe values were obtained from the region of interest （ROI） of the infarct zone/mirror area and compared between the two groups. ResultsThere was no significant difference in the NIHSS or mRS score between the two groups before treatment. After 90 days of treatment，the NIHSS and mRS scores declined in both groups，and the observation group had lower scores than the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment，the rKtrans and rVe in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （P<0.01）. ConclusionCompared with conventional Western medical treatment alone，conventional Western medical treatment combined with Tongnaoyin accelerates the repair of the blood-brain barrier in AIS patients，thereby ameliorating neurological impairment after AIS to improve the prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the epidemic characteristics and trends of major natural focus diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases in Yantai City, and provide a basis for formulating reasonable prevention and control strategies.Methods:The descriptive analysis was conducted on the epidemic data of natural focal diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases in Yantai City collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance and Reporting Management System, a subsystem of the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, covering the period from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023.Results:From 2019 to 2023, a total of 2 746 cases of 12 kinds of natural focus diseases, vector-borne infectious diseases and zoonosis were reported in Yantai City. The top four diseases reported in incidence rate were severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS, 3.13/100 000), brucellosis (2.57/100 000), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS, 1.09/100 000), and scrub typhus (0.73/100 000). There were statistically significant differences in the reported incidence rate of the four major natural focus diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases between different years (χ 2 = 92.55, 34.88, 132.33, 39.95, P < 0.001). The four major natural focal diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases had reported cases throughout the year. SFTS cases peaked in June, accounting for 28.80% (320/1 111). Brucellosis cases were predominantly reported from March to August, accounting for 65.54% (599/914). HFRS cases peaked in November, accounting for 38.66% (150/388), while scrub typhus cases peaked in October, accounting for 69.88% (181/259). The top three districts/cities with the highest incidence of the four major natural focus diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases were Laizhou City (585 cases), Zhaoyuan City (377 cases), and Haiyang City (358 cases). The incidence rates of SFTS in women was higher than that in men (χ 2 = 13.92, P < 0.001), and the incidences rates of brucellosis and HFRS in men were higher than those in women (χ 2 = 123.09, 73.32, P < 0.001). The cases of the four diseases were mainly farmers, accounting for 76.06% (845/1 111), 78.12% (714/914), 81.44% (316/388), and 85.71% (222/259), respectively. Conclusions:From 2019 to 2023, the reported incidence rate of the four major natural focus diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases in Yantai City presents an overall upward trend, with obvious seasonal, regional and demographic characteristics. Targeted prevention and control measures should be developed for high-risk areas and populations based on the characteristics of different diseases.

Objective:To investigate the distribution of iodine and other chemical elements in soil, grain and vegetables in different water iodine areas of Xi'an City, and to provide theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of iodine related diseases and water improvement measures.Methods:From September to November 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select three survey villages in Xi'an, namely Yehu Village, Xingbei Village, and Quanzhong Village, where the iodine level of residents' drinking water < 10, 10 - 100, and > 100 μg/L. Drinking water samples were collected from seven survey sites based on the source of domestic drinking water to determine the iodine level of the water. At the same time, soil samples of cultivated land, residents' grains (wheat, corn), and vegetables were collected from survey villages to determine the content of 14 elements including calcium, iron, magnesium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, selenium, iodine, and fluoride.Results:The iodine level in the water of 7 survey sites in three survey villages was 5.80, 6.40, 25.51, 42.20, 53.90, 111.65, and 177.63 μg/L, respectively. A total of 70 samples of soil, 65 samples of wheat, 76 samples of corn, and 141 samples of vegetables were collected. Among them, the levels of various elements in vegetables and grains were lower than those in the soil. Only calcium and fluoride were higher in vegetables than in grains, while iron, chromium, copper, zinc, selenium, and iodine were lower in vegetables than in grains. According to the range of water iodine level, there were statistically significant differences in the content of calcium, iron, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, mercury, iodine, and fluoride in soils from different water iodine regions ( Fcalcium, iron, chromium, nickel = 42.04, 13.55, 12.22, 11.20, Hcopper, zinc, mercury, iodine, fluoride = 14.27, 9.19, 14.72, 25.14, 16.50, P < 0.05). The comparison of magnesium, zinc, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium content in wheat showed statistically significant differences ( Fadmium, selenium = 6.34, 3.31, Hmagnesium, zinc, arsenic = 6.12, 11.55, 6.23, P < 0.05). The comparison of calcium, iron, magnesium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, iodine, and fluoride content in corn showed statistically significant differences ( Fmagnesium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, iodine = 18.89, 13.76, 17.86, 24.17, 28.46, 15.96, Hcalcium, iron, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, fluoride = 11.57, 40.53, 26.50, 33.05, 33.73, 36.01, 29.21, P < 0.05). The comparison of calcium, iron, magnesium, chromium, zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and selenium content in vegetables showed statistically significant differences ( H = 23.93, 8.12, 10.03, 7.01, 16.09, 18.36, 23.07, 6.51, 27.67, 7.86, P < 0.05). Conclusions:There are significant differences in the distribution of 14 elements in soil, grain, and vegetables in different water iodine regions. In addition to drinking water, precise guidance should also be provided based on the iodine content in soil, grain, and vegetables in different water iodine areas.

Objective:To study the spatial distribution and characteristics of iodine content in residential drinking water in Shaanxi Province, and provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From March to October 2022, an investigation was conducted in all counties (districts, referred to as counties) of Shaanxi Province, with administrative villages as survey units. For centralized water supply systems, two terminal water samples were collected, and iodine content was measured separately, with the average value representing the drinking water iodine content at that location. For decentralized water supply systems, a 10% sampling method was used to divide each administrative village into five areas (east, south, west, north, and center), with 10% of water wells sampled from each area (if fewer than 10 water wells, the well with the largest drinking population was selected; if fewer than 5 wells, all wells were sampled). One water sample was collected from each water well, and iodine content was determined using the arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry method. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial scan analysis were used to analyze the spatial distribution and characteristics of drinking water iodine content.Results:A total of 53 990 drinking water samples were collected, with a median water iodine content of 6.66 μg/L, ranging from 0.10 to 779.40 μg/L. Drinking water iodine content was detected in 112 counties, showing a significant spatial positive correlation (global autocorrelation, Moran's I = 0.74, Z = 43.83, P < 0.001). Local autocorrelation analysis showed that the difference in the distribution of iodine content in drinking water among 36 counties was statistically significant ( P < 0.05), with 22 counties showing low-low clustering and 12 counties showing high-high clustering. Spatial scanning identified three water iodine clustering areas, including two high-water iodine cluster areas and one low-water iodine cluster area. Conclusions:The distribution of iodine content in residential drinking water in Shaanxi Province shows significant spatial clustering and heterogeneity, requiring targeted interventions to achieve precise prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.