Background: Burn injuries are among the most severe forms of childhood trauma, leading to significant psychological as well as physical consequences. Children aged 1–11 years are especially vulnerable due to the sensitivity of psychological development during this period. After burn injuries, they are at high risk of acute stress reactions and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aims to identify post-burn psychological changes in young children and improve early detection and diagnosis. Aim: To determine the prevalence of post-burn stress disorder (PTSD), to identify selected risk factors that may influence its development, and to examine the associations between these factors. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study design was used to examine psychological changes and response patterns in 279 young children who had experienced burn injuries. Results: A total of 279 children aged 1-11 years were included in the study (mean age 4.89±2.99 years), with 49% female and 51% male participants. The mean PTSD score was 13.65±10.35. The highest PTSD scores were observed in children burned by fire or open flames (20.92±13.94). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and PTSD score (p<0.001). Significant risk factors influencing post-burn PTSD scores included age, burns caused by hot stoves, hot tea or food, electrical burns, and the percentage of total body surface area burned (p<0.001). Conclusions 1. 9.4% of the 279 children in the study had post-traumatic stress disorder. 2. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between burn rate, child age, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) score. 3. In the study of risk factors affecting post-burn PTSD scores, factors such as age, hot stove burns, hot food burns, electrical burns, and burn rate were statistically significantly associated with post-burn PTSD scores. In addition, factors such as third- and fourth-degree burns, burns to the upper limbs and adjacent areas were statistically significantly associated with post-burn PTSD scores.

Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, resulting in decreased bone strength and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Early assessment of BMD is essential for identifying skeletal abnormalities and supporting clinical decision-making. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a widely used, non-invasive method for evaluating BMD at clinically relevant skeletal sites. Aim: To assess bone mineral density using DXA and describe the corresponding T-score and Z-score measurements in adult patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted from June to October 2026 at the Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Mongolia–Japan Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Eight patients aged 18 years or older without fractures were included. According to the study records, participants were selected using a random sampling method. Demographic characteristics, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and DXA measurements were recorded. BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), T-scores, and Z-scores were assessed at the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of eight patients were included, comprising five males (62.5%) and three females (37.5%). The mean age was 52.65±7.95 years, and the mean BMI was 31.59±6.32 kg/m². The mean lumbar spine (L1–L4) T-score was 0.35±1.49, and the mean Z-score was 0.97± .36. The lowest reported mean T-score was observed at the left forearm (−1.29±4.34), followed by the right forearm (−1.25±3.87). Measurements were also recorded at the left and right hip regions. The findings were descriptive and were not intended to establish population-level prevalence. Conclusions The demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the eight patients included in the study were assessed. The mean age was 52.65±7.95 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.59±6.32 kg/m². Of the participants, 5 (62.5%) were male and 3 (37.5%) were female. The mean BMI of the participants fell within the obesity category. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine, both hips, and both forearms. The results showed variations in BMD measurements across the different anatomical sites examined. An analysis of the T-scores and Z-scores for each measurement site revealed a mean T-score of 0.35±1.49 and a mean Z-score of 0.97±1.36 at the lumbar spine. At the left hip, the mean T-score was −0.63±1.29 and the mean Z-score was 0.34±1.52, while at the right hip, the mean T-score was −0.63±1.15 and the mean Z-score was 0.31±1.09. The mean T-scores of the forearm were comparatively lower, at −1.29± 4.34 on the left side and −1.25±3.87 on the right side.

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are important public health concerns. Assessing weight status among children presenting with fractures may provide preliminary data for further investigation of a possible association between body weight and injury. Aim: To estimate the proportion of overweight and obesity among children aged under 18 years diagnosed with fractures and compare weight-status categories by sex. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 30 children presenting with a fracture to the outpatient clinic of Mongolia–Japan Hospital between June and September 2026. Weight status was classified using age- and sex-adjusted BMI-for-age. We summarized continuous variables as mean±standard deviation, median, quartiles, and minimum–maximum values; we reported categorical variables as counts and percentages. The Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were used, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 30 children, 20 (66.7%) were boys and 10 (33.3%) were girls. Eighteen children (60.0%) were classified as overweight/obese. Mean BMI was 20.58±3.44 kg/m² and median BMI was 19.82 kg/m². Mean BMI was higher in the overweight/obesity group than in the normal-weight group (22.00±3.55 vs 18.46±1.90 kg/m²; p=0.0092). Sex was not statistically associated with weight-status category (p=1.000). Conclusion The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children under 18 years of age diagnosed with bone fractures was 60.0%. The body mass index (BMI) was statistically significantly higher in children with overweight and obesity than in those with normal weight. Sex was not statistically associated with excess body weight. Further studies with larger sample sizes, a control group, and bone mineral density measurements are needed to determine the relationship between excess body weight, bone health, and fracture risk in children with bone fractures.

Background: The skin barrier serves as the primary defense against environmental factors. Mongolia’s extreme climate conditions may contribute to skin barrier impairment, increased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and decreased skin moisture. Objective: To determine and compare skin moisture, TEWL, and skin pH levels in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 with 104 relatively healthy children selected through random sampling. Skin physiological parameters, including skin moisture, skin pH and TEWL were measured following the EEMCO (European Group on Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products) guidelines using the Multi Skin Test MC750 device (Courage+Khazaka Electronics, Germany) at nine different sites. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata-14 software. Results: Among the participants, 51.9% (n=54) reported having dry skin (p<0.0001). Additionally, 64.5% (n=67) used moisturizers, but their usage did not show a statistically significant difference in skin moisture (p=0.929), skin pH (p=0.378), or TEWL (p=0.332). 14.42% (n=15) had extremely dry skin, while 85.58% (n=89) had dry skin, with no participants falling within the normal skin moisture range. TEWL showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r=-0.331, p=0.0006). When analyzed by age groups, skin moisture (p=0.023) and TEWL (p=0.038) differed significantly between groups. Conclusion Skin moisture and TEWL significantly differ across age groups. Given that all participants had dry skin, moisturization is crucial. Mongolia’s extreme climate is likely a key contributing factor to childhood skin dryness.

Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.